Dehon Manuel, Michez Denis, Nel André, Engel Michael S, De Meulemeester Thibaut
Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.
Département d'entomologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France.
PLoS One. 2014 Oct 29;9(10):e108865. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108865. eCollection 2014.
Bees (Anthophila) are one of the major groups of angiosperm-pollinating insects and accordingly are widely studied in both basic and applied research, for which it is essential to have a clear understanding of their phylogeny, and evolutionary history. Direct evidence of bee evolutionary history has been hindered by a dearth of available fossils needed to determine the timing and tempo of their diversification, as well as episodes of extinction. Here we describe four new compression fossils of bees from three different deposits (Miocene of la Cerdanya, Spain; Oligocene of Céreste, France; and Eocene of the Green River Formation, U.S.A.). We assess the similarity of the forewing shape of the new fossils with extant and fossil taxa using geometric morphometrics analyses. Predictive discriminant analyses show that three fossils share similar forewing shapes with the Apidae [one of uncertain tribal placement and perhaps near Euglossini, one definitive bumble bee (Bombini), and one digger bee (Anthophorini)], while one fossil is more similar to the Andrenidae. The corbiculate fossils are described as Euglossopteryx biesmeijeri De Meulemeester, Michez, & Engel, gen. nov. sp. nov. (type species of Euglossopteryx Dehon & Engel, n. gen.) and Bombus cerdanyensis Dehon, De Meulemeester, & Engel, sp. nov. They provide new information on the distribution and timing of particular corbiculate groups, most notably the extension into North America of possible Eocene-Oligocene cooling-induced extinctions. Protohabropoda pauli De Meulemeester & Michez, gen. nov. sp. nov. (type species of Protohabropoda Dehon & Engel, n. gen.) reinforces previous hypotheses of anthophorine evolution in terms of ecological shifts by the Oligocene from tropical to mesic or xeric habitats. Lastly, a new fossil of the Andreninae, Andrena antoinei Michez & De Meulemeester, sp. nov., further documents the presence of the today widespread genus Andrena Fabricius in the Late Oligocene of France.
蜜蜂（Anthophila）是被子植物传粉昆虫的主要类群之一，因此在基础研究和应用研究中都得到了广泛的研究，对于这些研究来说，清楚了解它们的系统发育和进化历史至关重要。蜜蜂进化历史的直接证据一直受到阻碍，因为缺乏确定其多样化时间和节奏以及灭绝事件所需的可用化石。在此，我们描述了来自三个不同沉积层（西班牙塞尔达尼亚的中新世；法国塞雷斯特的渐新世；美国格林河组的始新世）的四种新的蜜蜂压缩化石。我们使用几何形态计量学分析评估新化石前翅形状与现存和化石类群的相似性。预测判别分析表明，三块化石与蜜蜂科（其中一块部落归属不确定，可能接近 Euglossini，一块确定为熊蜂属 Bombini，一块为地蜂属 Anthophorini）的前翅形状相似，而一块化石与地蜂科更相似。有花粉筐的化石被描述为 Euglossopteryx biesmeijeri De Meulemeester、Michez 和 Engel，新属新种（Euglossopteryx Dehon 和 Engel 新属的模式种）以及 Bombus cerdanyensis Dehon、De Meulemeester 和 Engel，新种。它们提供了关于特定有花粉筐类群分布和时间的新信息，最显著的是可能因始新世 - 渐新世变冷导致的灭绝事件向北美的扩展。Protohabropoda pauli De Meulemeester 和 Michez，新属新种（Protohabropoda Dehon 和 Engel 新属的模式种）从生态转变方面强化了先前关于地蜂族在渐新世从热带栖息地向中生或旱生生境进化的假说。最后，地蜂亚科的一块新化石 Andrena antoinei Michez 和 De Meulemeester，新种，进一步证明了如今广泛分布的地蜂属 Fabricius 在法国晚渐新世的存在。
