School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
Adv Mar Biol. 2014;69:1-13. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800214-8.00001-3.
No issue in marine conservation and management seems to have generated as much interest, and controversy as marine protected areas (MPAs). In the past 30 years, a substantial scientific literature on the subject has developed, international agreements have set targets for proportion of the sea to be protected, and hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent on research and advocacy for MPA establishment. While the objectives of MPAs are diverse, few studies evaluate the success of MPAs against stated objectives. It is clear that well-enforced MPAs will protect enough fish from exploitation that within reserves abundance increases, fish live to be larger, and measures of diversity are higher. What is much more poorly understood is the impacts of reserve establishment on areas outside reserves. Theory suggests that when stocks are seriously overfished outside reserves, the yield and abundance outside the reserves may be increased by spillover from the reserve. When stocks are not overexploited, reserve establishment will likely decrease the total yield. The chapters in this volume explore a broad set of case studies of MPAs, their objectives and their outcomes.
在海洋保护和管理领域，似乎没有任何一个问题像海洋保护区 (MPA) 那样引起如此多的关注和争议。在过去的 30 年里，关于这个主题的大量科学文献已经发展起来，国际协议已经设定了保护海洋面积的目标，并且已经花费了数亿美元用于研究和倡导建立海洋保护区。虽然 MPA 的目标是多种多样的，但很少有研究评估 MPA 对既定目标的成功。很明显，执行良好的 MPA 将从捕捞中保护足够多的鱼类，从而在保护区内增加鱼类的数量，使鱼类生长得更大，并且多样性的衡量标准也更高。但人们对保护区设立对保护区外地区的影响知之甚少。理论表明，当保护区外的鱼类资源严重过度捕捞时，保护区内的鱼类可能会溢出到保护区外，从而增加保护区外的产量和数量。当鱼类资源没有被过度开发时，建立保护区可能会降低总产量。本卷的各章探讨了一系列广泛的海洋保护区案例研究，包括它们的目标和结果。
