Rindermann Heiner, Thompson James
*Department of Psychology,Chemnitz University of Technology,Germany.
†Department of Psychology,University College London,UK.
J Biosoc Sci. 2016 Jan;48(1):66-93. doi: 10.1017/S0021932014000480. Epub 2014 Nov 7.
Immigration, immigration policies and education of immigrants alter competence levels. This study analysed their effects using PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS data (1995 to 2012, N=93 nations) for natives' and immigrants' competences, competence gaps and their population proportions. The mean gap is equivalent to 4.71 IQ points. There are large differences across countries in these gaps ranging from around +12 to -10 IQ points. Migrants' proportions grow roughly 4% per decade. The largest immigrant-based 'brain gains' are observed for Arabian oil-based economies, and the largest 'brain losses' for Central Europe. Regarding causes of native-immigrant gaps, language problems do not seem to explain them. However, English-speaking countries show an advantage. Acculturation within one generation and intermarriage usually reduce native-immigrant gaps (≅1 IQ point). National educational quality reduces gaps, especially school enrolment at a young age, the use of tests and school autonomy. A one standard deviation increase in school quality represents a closing of around 1 IQ point in the native-immigrant gap. A new Greenwich IQ estimation based on UK natives' cognitive ability mean is recommended. An analysis of the first adult OECD study PIAAC revealed that larger proportions of immigrants among adults reduce average competence levels and positive Flynn effects. The effects on economic development and suggestions for immigration and educational policy are discussed.
移民、移民政策以及移民教育会改变能力水平。本研究利用国际学生评估项目（PISA）、国际数学和科学趋势研究（TIMSS）以及国际阅读素养进展研究（PIRLS）的数据（1995年至2012年，涵盖93个国家），分析了它们对本土居民和移民的能力、能力差距及其人口比例的影响。平均差距相当于4.71个智商点。各国在这些差距方面存在很大差异，范围从大约+12到-10个智商点不等。移民比例每十年大致增长4%。以移民为基础的最大“人才收益”出现在以阿拉伯石油为基础的经济体中，而最大的“人才损失”出现在中欧。关于本土居民与移民之间差距的成因，语言问题似乎无法解释这些差距。然而，英语国家具有优势。一代人之内的文化适应和通婚通常会缩小本土居民与移民之间的差距（约1个智商点）。国家教育质量会缩小差距，尤其是低龄入学率、考试的使用以及学校自主权。学校质量提高一个标准差意味着本土居民与移民之间的差距缩小约1个智商点。建议基于英国本土居民认知能力均值进行新的格林威治智商估计。对经合组织首次针对成年人的国际成人能力评估项目（PIAAC）的分析表明，成年人中移民比例越高，平均能力水平越低，弗林效应也越不明显。文中还讨论了对经济发展的影响以及对移民和教育政策的建议。
