Svobodová Milena, Weidinger Karel, Peške Lubomír, Volf Petr, Votýpka Jan, Voříšek Petr
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic,
Parasitol Res. 2015 Feb;114(2):551-60. doi: 10.1007/s00436-014-4217-x. Epub 2014 Nov 19.
The prevalences of heteroxenous parasites are influenced by the interplay of three main actors: hosts, vectors, and the parasites themselves. We studied blood protists in the nesting populations of raptors in two different areas of the Czech Republic. Altogether, 788 nestlings and 258 adult Eurasian sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus) and 321 nestlings and 86 adult common buzzards (Buteo buteo) were screened for parasites by the microscopic examination of blood smears and by cultivation. We examined the role of shared vectors and parasite phylogenetic relationships on the occurrence of parasites. In different years and hosts, trypanosome prevalence ranged between 1.9 and 87.2 %, that of Leucocytozoon between 1.9 and 100 %, and Haemoproteus between 0 and 72.7 %. Coinfections with Leucocytozoon and Trypanosoma, phylogenetically distant parasites but both transmitted by blackflies (Simuliidae), were more frequent than coinfections with Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus, phylogenetically closely related parasites transmitted by different vectors (blackflies and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), respectively). For example, 16.6 % buzzard nestlings were coinfected with Trypanosoma and Leucocytozoon, while only 4.8 % with Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus and 0.3 % with Trypanosoma and Haemoproteus. Nestlings in the same nest tended to have the same infection status. Furthermore, prevalence increased with the age of nestlings and with Julian date, while brood size had only a weak negative/positive effect on prevalence at the individual/brood level. Prevalences in a particular avian host species also varied between study sites and years. All these factors should thus be considered while comparing prevalences from different studies, the impact of vectors being the most important. We conclude that phylogenetically unrelated parasites that share the same vectors tend to have similar distributions within the host populations of two different raptor species.
宿主、媒介和寄生虫本身。我们研究了捷克共和国两个不同地区猛禽筑巢种群中的血液原生生物。通过血液涂片显微镜检查和培养，总共对788只雏鸟和258只成年欧亚雀鹰（Accipiter nisus）以及321只雏鸟和86只成年普通鵟（Buteo buteo）进行了寄生虫筛查。我们研究了共享媒介和寄生虫系统发育关系对寄生虫出现的作用。在不同年份和宿主中，锥虫的流行率在1.9%至87.2%之间，白细胞虫在1.9%至100%之间，血变原虫在0至72.7%之间。白细胞虫和锥虫同时感染的情况更为常见，这两种寄生虫在系统发育上距离较远，但均由蚋（蚋科）传播；而白细胞虫和血变原虫同时感染的情况则较少，这两种寄生虫在系统发育上关系密切，但分别由不同的媒介传播（蚋和蠓（蠓科））。例如，16.6%的鵟雏鸟同时感染了锥虫和白细胞虫，而同时感染白细胞虫和血变原虫的仅占4.8%，同时感染锥虫和血变原虫的为0.3%。同一巢中的雏鸟往往具有相同的感染状态。此外，流行率随着雏鸟年龄和儒略日的增加而上升，而窝雏数在个体/窝水平上对流行率仅具有微弱的负/正效应。特定鸟类宿主物种中的流行率在不同研究地点和年份也有所不同。因此，在比较不同研究的流行率时，应考虑所有这些因素，其中媒介的影响最为重要。我们得出结论，共享相同媒介的系统发育无关的寄生虫在两种不同猛禽物种的宿主种群中往往具有相似的分布。
