McGuirk Sheila M, Peek Simon F
Department of Medical Sciences,University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine,Madison,Wisconsin,USA.
Anim Health Res Rev. 2014 Dec;15(2):145-7. doi: 10.1017/S1466252314000267. Epub 2014 Nov 20.
Respiratory disease of young dairy calves is a significant cause of morbidity, mortality, economic loss, and animal welfare concern but there is no gold standard diagnostic test for antemortem diagnosis. Clinical signs typically used to make a diagnosis of respiratory disease of calves are fever, cough, ocular or nasal discharge, abnormal breathing, and auscultation of abnormal lung sounds. Unfortunately, routine screening of calves for respiratory disease on the farm is rarely performed and until more comprehensive, practical and affordable respiratory disease-screening tools such as accelerometers, pedometers, appetite monitors, feed consumption detection systems, remote temperature recording devices, radiant heat detectors, electronic stethoscopes, and thoracic ultrasound are validated, timely diagnosis of respiratory disease can be facilitated using a standardized scoring system. We have developed a scoring system that attributes severity scores to each of four clinical parameters; rectal temperature, cough, nasal discharge, ocular discharge or ear position. A total respiratory score of five points or higher (provided that at least two abnormal parameters are observed) can be used to distinguish affected from unaffected calves. This can be applied as a screening tool twice-weekly to identify pre-weaned calves with respiratory disease thereby facilitating early detection. Coupled with effective treatment protocols, this scoring system will reduce post-weaning pneumonia, chronic pneumonia, and otitis media.
犊牛呼吸道疾病是导致发病率、死亡率、经济损失和动物福利问题的一个重要原因，但目前尚无用于生前诊断的金标准诊断测试。通常用于诊断犊牛呼吸道疾病的临床症状包括发热、咳嗽、眼鼻分泌物、呼吸异常以及肺部异常声音听诊。不幸的是，农场很少对犊牛进行呼吸道疾病的常规筛查，在诸如加速度计、计步器、食欲监测器、饲料消耗检测系统、远程温度记录设备、辐射热探测器、电子听诊器和胸部超声等更全面、实用且经济实惠的呼吸道疾病筛查工具得到验证之前，使用标准化评分系统有助于及时诊断呼吸道疾病。我们开发了一种评分系统，该系统为四个临床参数（直肠温度、咳嗽、鼻分泌物、眼分泌物或耳部位置）中的每一个赋予严重程度分数。总呼吸评分为5分或更高（前提是观察到至少两个异常参数）可用于区分患病犊牛和未患病犊牛。这可以作为一种筛查工具，每周应用两次，以识别患有呼吸道疾病的断奶前犊牛，从而促进早期发现。结合有效的治疗方案，该评分系统将减少断奶后肺炎、慢性肺炎和中耳炎的发生。
