Smokowski Paul R, Guo Shenyang, Rose Roderick, Evans Caroline B R, Cotter Katie L, Bacallao Martica
Arizona State University.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Dev Psychopathol. 2014 Nov;26(4 Pt 2):1495-513. doi: 10.1017/S0954579414001163.
The current study filled significant gaps in our knowledge of developmental psychopathology by examining the influence of multilevel risk factors and developmental assets on longitudinal trajectories of internalizing symptoms and self-esteem in an exceptionally culturally diverse sample of rural adolescents. Integrating ecological and social capital theories, we explored if positive microsystem transactions are associated with self-esteem while negative microsystem transactions increase the chances of internalizing problems. Data came from the Rural Adaptation Project, a 5-year longitudinal panel study of more than 4,000 middle school students from 28 public schools in two rural, disadvantaged counties in North Carolina. Three-level hierarchical linear modeling models were estimated to predict internalizing symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety) and self-esteem. Relative to other students, risk for internalizing problems and low self-esteem was elevated for aggressive adolescents, students who were hassled or bullied at school, and those who were rejected by peers or in conflict with their parents. Internalizing problems were also more common among adolescents from socioeconomically disadvantaged families and neighborhoods, among those in schools with more suspensions, in students who reported being pressured by peers, and in youth who required more teacher support. It is likely that these experiences left adolescents disengaged from developing social capital from ecological microsystems (e.g., family, school, peers). On the positive side, support from parents and friends and optimism about the future were key assets associated with lower internalizing symptoms and higher self-esteem. Self-esteem was also positively related to religious orientation, school satisfaction, and future optimism. These variables show active engagement with ecological microsystems. The implications and limitations were discussed.
本研究通过考察多层次风险因素和发展资产对农村青少年内化症状和自尊纵向轨迹的影响，填补了我们在发展性心理病理学知识方面的重大空白。在一个文化异常多样的农村青少年样本中，我们整合了生态和社会资本理论，探讨积极的微观系统互动是否与自尊相关，而消极的微观系统互动是否会增加内化问题的可能性。数据来自农村适应项目，这是一项对北卡罗来纳州两个农村贫困县28所公立学校的4000多名中学生进行的为期5年的纵向跟踪研究。我们估计了三级分层线性模型，以预测内化症状（如抑郁、焦虑）和自尊。与其他学生相比，有攻击行为的青少年、在学校受到骚扰或欺负的学生、被同龄人拒绝或与父母发生冲突的学生，出现内化问题和低自尊的风险更高。内化问题在来自社会经济弱势家庭和社区的青少年中也更为常见，在停课较多的学校的学生中、报告受到同龄人压力的学生中以及需要更多教师支持的青少年中也更为常见。这些经历可能使青少年无法从生态微观系统（如家庭、学校、同龄人）中发展社会资本。积极的一面是，来自父母和朋友的支持以及对未来的乐观态度是与较低内化症状和较高自尊相关的关键资产。自尊也与宗教信仰、学校满意度和未来乐观态度呈正相关。这些变量表明与生态微观系统有积极的互动。我们还讨论了研究的意义和局限性。
