Oral immunization with Sendai virus in mice.

We have shown that in mice cholera toxin can be an effective adjuvant for gastrointestinal immune responses against a virus. The adjuvant properties can be increased and even dissociated from the toxic properties if virus and toxoid are covalently linked. Finally, oral immunization with these preparations of cholera toxin/toxoid and Sendai virus can be used to prime for respiratory immune responses to Sendai virus in which protection from infection correlates with IgA in the upper and with IgG in the lower respiratory tract.