Done Hansa Y, Halden Rolf U
Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
J Hazard Mater. 2015 Jan 23;282:10-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.075. Epub 2014 Oct 5.
Aquaculture production has nearly tripled in the last two decades, bringing with it a significant increase in the use of antibiotics. Using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the presence of 47 antibiotics was investigated in U.S. purchased shrimp, salmon, catfish, trout, tilapia, and swai originating from 11 different countries. All samples (n=27) complied with U.S. FDA regulations and five antibiotics were detected above the limits of detection: oxytetracycline (in wild shrimp, 7.7ng/g of fresh weight; farmed tilapia, 2.7; farmed salmon, 8.6; farmed trout with spinal deformities, 3.9), 4-epioxytetracycline (farmed salmon, 4.1), sulfadimethoxine (farmed shrimp, 0.3), ormetoprim (farmed salmon, 0.5), and virginiamycin (farmed salmon marketed as antibiotic-free, 5.2). A literature review showed that sub-regulatory levels of antibiotics, as found here, can promote resistance development; publications linking aquaculture to this have increased more than 8-fold from 1991 to 2013. Although this study was limited in size and employed sample pooling, it represents the largest reconnaissance of antibiotics in U.S. seafood to date, providing data on previously unmonitored antibiotics and on farmed trout with spinal deformities. Results indicate low levels of antibiotic residues and general compliance with U.S. regulations. The potential for development of microbial drug resistance was identified as a key concern and research priority.
在过去二十年中，水产养殖产量几乎增长了两倍，抗生素的使用也随之大幅增加。利用液相色谱/串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS），对来自11个不同国家的在美国购买的虾、鲑鱼、鲶鱼、鳟鱼、罗非鱼和巴沙鱼中47种抗生素的存在情况进行了调查。所有样本（n = 27）均符合美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）的规定，有五种抗生素的检测量超过了检测限：土霉素（野生虾中，鲜重7.7纳克/克；养殖罗非鱼中，2.7；养殖鲑鱼中，8.6；有脊柱畸形的养殖鳟鱼中，3.9）、4-表土霉素（养殖鲑鱼中，4.1）、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶（养殖虾中，0.3）、奥美普明（养殖鲑鱼中，0.5）以及维吉尼亚霉素（以无抗生素销售的养殖鲑鱼中，5.2）。一项文献综述表明，此处发现的低于监管水平的抗生素会促进耐药性的产生；从1991年到2013年，将水产养殖与这一现象联系起来的出版物增加了8倍多。尽管这项研究规模有限且采用了样本合并的方法，但它是迄今为止对美国海产品中抗生素进行的最大规模的勘查，提供了有关此前未监测的抗生素以及有脊柱畸形的养殖鳟鱼的数据。结果表明抗生素残留水平较低，总体符合美国规定。微生物耐药性的发展潜力被确定为一个关键问题和研究重点。
