Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece.
School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Greece.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2015 Feb 15;440:140-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.10.066. Epub 2014 Nov 6.
Suspended clay particles in groundwater can play a significant role as carriers of viruses, because, depending on the physicochemical conditions, clay particles may facilitate or hinder the mobility of viruses. This experimental study examines the effects of clay colloids on the transport of viruses in variably saturated porous media. All cotransport experiments were conducted in both saturated and partially saturated columns packed with glass beads, using bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX174 as model viruses, and kaolinite (KGa-1b) and montmorillonite (STx-1b) as model clay colloids. The various experimental collision efficiencies were determined using the classical colloid filtration theory. The experimental data indicated that the mass recovery of viruses and clay colloids decreased as the water saturation decreased. Temporal moments of the various breakthrough concentrations collected, suggested that the presence of clays significantly influenced virus transport and irreversible deposition onto glass beads. The mass recovery of both viruses, based on total effluent virus concentrations, was shown to reduce in the presence of suspended clay particles. Furthermore, the transport of suspended virus and clay-virus particles was retarded, compared to the conservative tracer. Under unsaturated conditions both clay particles facilitated the transport of ΦX174, while hindered the transport of MS2. Moreover, the surface properties of viruses, clays and glass beads were employed for the construction of classical DLVO and capillary potential energy profiles, and the results suggested that capillary forces play a significant role on colloid retention. It was estimated that the capillary potential energy of MS2 is lower than that of ΦX174, and the capillary potential energy of KGa-1b is lower than that of STx-1b, assuming that the protrusion distance through the water film is the same for each pair of particles. Moreover, the capillary potential energy is several orders of magnitude greater than the DLVO potential energy.
地下水中悬浮的粘土颗粒可以作为病毒的载体，因为粘土颗粒可能会根据物理化学条件促进或阻碍病毒的迁移。本实验研究考察了粘土胶体对病毒在非饱和多孔介质中运移的影响。所有共运移实验都是在饱和和部分饱和的玻璃珠填充柱中进行的，使用噬菌体 MS2 和 ΦX174 作为模型病毒，高岭石（KGa-1b）和蒙脱石（STx-1b）作为模型粘土胶体。使用经典胶体过滤理论确定了各种实验碰撞效率。实验数据表明，随着水饱和度的降低，病毒和粘土胶体的质量回收率降低。所收集的各种突破浓度的时间矩表明，粘土的存在显著影响病毒的运移和不可逆沉积到玻璃珠上。基于总出流病毒浓度，发现悬浮粘土颗粒的存在降低了两种病毒的质量回收率。此外，与保守示踪剂相比，悬浮病毒和粘土-病毒颗粒的运移被延迟。在非饱和条件下，两种粘土颗粒都促进了 ΦX174 的运移，而阻碍了 MS2 的运移。此外，还利用病毒、粘土和玻璃珠的表面特性构建了经典的 DLVO 和毛细势能剖面，结果表明毛细力在胶体保留中起着重要作用。据估计，MS2 的毛细势能低于 ΦX174，而 KGa-1b 的毛细势能低于 STx-1b，假设每个颗粒对之间的水膜穿透突起距离相同。此外，毛细势能比 DLVO 势能大几个数量级。
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