Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Chemosphere. 2015 Jan;119:1075-1083. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.056. Epub 2014 Oct 14.
Here, we investigated the degradation kinetics of butenolide, a promising antifouling compound, under various environmental conditions. The active ingredient of the commercial antifoulant SeaNine 211, 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT), was used as positive control. The results showed that the degradation rate increased with increasing temperature. Half-lives of butenolide at 4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C were>64 d, 30.5 d and 3.9 d, respectively. Similar half-lives were recorded for DCOIT: >64 d at 4 °C, 27.9 d at 25 °C and 4.5d at 40 °C. Exposure to sunlight accelerated the degradation of both butenolide and DCOIT. The photolysis half-lives of butenolide and DCOIT were 5.7 d and 6.8 d, respectively, compared with 9.7 d and 14.4 d for the dark control. Biodegradation led to the fastest rate of butenolide removal from natural seawater, with a half-life of 0.5 d, while no obvious degradation was observed for DCOIT after incubation for 4 d. The biodegradative ability of natural seawater for butenolide was attributed mainly to marine bacteria. During the degradation of butenolide and DCOIT, a gradual decrease in antifouling activity was observed, as indicated by the increased settlement percentage of cypris larvae from barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Besides, increased cell growth of marine diatom Skeletonema costatum demonstrated that the toxicity of seawater decreased gradually without generation of more toxic by-products. Overall, rapid degradation of butenolide in natural seawater supported its claim as a promising candidate for commercial antifouling industry.
在这里，我们研究了丁烯内酯在各种环境条件下的降解动力学，丁烯内酯是一种很有前途的防污化合物。商业防污剂 SeaNine 211 的有效成分 4,5-二氯-2-正辛基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮（DCOIT）被用作阳性对照。结果表明，降解速率随温度升高而增加。丁烯内酯在 4°C、25°C 和 40°C 下的半衰期分别为>64d、30.5d 和 3.9d。DCOIT 的半衰期也相似：4°C 时>64d、25°C 时 27.9d、40°C 时 4.5d。暴露在阳光下会加速丁烯内酯和 DCOIT 的降解。丁烯内酯和 DCOIT 的光解半衰期分别为 5.7d 和 6.8d，而黑暗对照的半衰期分别为 9.7d 和 14.4d。生物降解导致丁烯内酯从天然海水中的去除速度最快，半衰期为 0.5d，而在孵育 4d 后，DCOIT 没有明显降解。天然海水中丁烯内酯的生物降解能力主要归因于海洋细菌。在丁烯内酯和 DCOIT 的降解过程中，随着藤壶基幼虫附着率的增加，防污活性逐渐降低。此外，海洋硅藻中骨条藻的细胞生长增加表明，海水的毒性逐渐降低，没有产生更多毒性的副产物。总的来说，丁烯内酯在天然海水中的快速降解支持了它作为商业防污工业有前途的候选物的说法。
