Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; The College of Natural Sciences, University of Addis Ababa, 4 Kiklo Campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Alterra, Wageningen University and Research centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Mar 1;508:566-74. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.049. Epub 2014 Dec 4.
Scenarios for future use in the pesticide registration procedure in Ethiopia were designed for 3 separate Ethiopian locations, which are aimed to be protective for the whole of Ethiopia. The scenarios estimate concentrations in surface water resulting from agricultural use of pesticides for a small stream and for two types of small ponds. Seven selected pesticides were selected since they were estimated to bear the highest risk to humans on the basis of volume of use, application rate and acute and chronic human toxicity, assuming exposure as a result of the consumption of surface water. Potential ecotoxicological risks were not considered as a selection criterion at this stage. Estimates of exposure concentrations in surface water were established using modelling software also applied in the EU registration procedure (PRZM and TOXSWA). Input variables included physico-chemical properties, and data such as crop calendars, irrigation schedules, meteorological information and detailed application data which were specifically tailored to the Ethiopian situation. The results indicate that for all the pesticides investigated the acute human risk resulting from the consumption of surface water is low to negligible, whereas agricultural use of chlorothalonil, deltamethrin, endosulfan and malathion in some crops may result in medium to high risk to aquatic species. The predicted environmental concentration estimates are based on procedures similar to procedures used at the EU level and in the USA. Addition of aquatic macrophytes as an ecotoxicological endpoint may constitute a welcome future addition to the risk assessment procedure. Implementation of the methods used for risk characterization constitutes a good step forward in the pesticide registration procedure in Ethiopia.
为埃塞俄比亚的农药登记程序设计了 3 个独立的未来使用场景,旨在保护整个埃塞俄比亚。这些场景估计了由于农药在小河流和两种类型的小池塘中的农业使用而导致地表水浓度。选择了 7 种选定的农药,因为它们根据使用量、应用率以及急性和慢性人类毒性被估计对人类具有最高风险,假设是由于消耗地表水而暴露的。在现阶段,潜在的生态毒理学风险并未被视为选择标准。使用在欧盟登记程序中也应用的建模软件(PRZM 和 TOXSWA)来确定地表水的暴露浓度估计值。输入变量包括物理化学性质以及作物日历、灌溉计划、气象信息和专门针对埃塞俄比亚情况的详细应用数据等数据。结果表明,对于所有研究的农药,由于消耗地表水而导致的急性人类风险是低至可忽略不计的,而在某些作物中使用百菌清、溴氰菊酯、硫丹和马拉硫磷进行农业使用可能会对水生物种造成中等到高风险。预测的环境浓度估计值基于与欧盟和美国使用的程序类似的程序。将水生大型植物作为生态毒理学终点添加可能构成风险评估程序的一个受欢迎的未来补充。在埃塞俄比亚的农药登记程序中,实施风险特征描述方法是向前迈出的一大步。