Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2015 Mar;113:64-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.029. Epub 2014 Dec 5.
This paper presents the results of a study on the degree of bacteriological pollution of sandboxes situated in fenced and unfenced housing estates located in an urban area in Olsztyn, Poland. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC22, HPC37), Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Clostridium perfringens determined by cultivation and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods were used as indicators of the sanitary state. Their maximum number in the sand samples reached values of up to 5.4×10(7), 2.6×10(6), 3.3×10(4), 2.1×10(3), 1.8×10(4), 1.9×10(1) and 1.2×10(4)CFU/g, respectively. It was found that values of culture-independent method were two-four orders greater than those obtained by the cultivation method. Among identified Enterobacteriaceae, Pantoea spp. and Enterobacter cloacae were the most numerous, whereas Escherichia cells were detected only occasionally. Pathogenic bacteria of the genus Salmonella sp. were isolated from sandboxes also when E. coli were absent. Bacteria from Staphylococcus genus were isolated irrespective of the site and time of sampling. Additionally, the presence of molds and yeasts was studied. Maximum counts of these microorganisms amounted to 1.0×10(5) and to 3.5×10(4)CFU/g. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Trichoderma genera were most numerous among molds, whereas Trichosporon was detected most frequently among yeasts. Sandboxes in the fenced housing estate and those located in the area which is not close to trees were less polluted than the sand collected from sandboxes in the unfenced housing estate. Potentially pathogenic bacteria of the genus Salmonella spp. were identified in analyzed sandboxes, also when Toxocara and E. coli were absent. It seems that assessing the contamination of children's play areas basing only on fecal bacteria counts and by monitoring number of parasites' eggs may be insufficient to evaluate microbial pollution of sandboxes and may not fully reflect their safety for children.
本文介绍了波兰奥尔什丁市城区内有围栏和无围栏住宅区沙箱中细菌污染程度的研究结果。使用异养平板计数（HPC22、HPC37）、肠杆菌科、大肠杆菌、肠球菌属、葡萄球菌属和产气荚膜梭菌作为卫生状态的指标，通过培养和荧光原位杂交（FISH）方法进行测定。沙样中这些指标的最大数量分别达到了 5.4×10(7)、2.6×10(6)、3.3×10(4)、2.1×10(3)、1.8×10(4)、1.9×10(1)和 1.2×10(4)CFU/g。结果表明，非培养方法的数值比培养方法高两到四个数量级。在所鉴定的肠杆菌科中，丰原肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌数量最多，而大肠埃希氏菌细胞仅偶尔被检测到。即使没有大肠杆菌，沙门氏菌属的致病菌也从沙箱中分离出来。无论采样地点和时间如何，葡萄球菌属的细菌都被分离出来。此外，还研究了霉菌和酵母菌的存在。这些微生物的最大数量分别达到 1.0×10(5)和 3.5×10(4)CFU/g。在霉菌中，曲霉属、青霉属、交链孢属和木霉属数量最多，而酵母菌中最常检测到的是假丝酵母属。有围栏的住宅区和远离树木的地区的沙箱比无围栏住宅区的沙箱污染程度低。即使没有旋毛虫和大肠杆菌，也在分析的沙箱中鉴定出了沙门氏菌属的潜在致病菌。仅基于粪便细菌计数和监测寄生虫卵数量来评估儿童游乐区的污染情况，可能不足以评估沙箱的微生物污染程度，也不能完全反映其对儿童的安全性。
