Richards Arnold D
J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 2014 Dec;62(6):987-1003. doi: 10.1177/0003065114559835.
Ludwik Fleck, the Polish philosopher of science, maintained that scientific discovery is influenced by social, political, historical, psychological, and personal factors. The determinants of Freud's Jewish identity are examined from this Fleckian perspective, as is the impact of that complex identity on his creation of psychoanalysis as a science. Three strands contributing to his Jewish identity are identified and explored: his commitment to the ideal of Bildung, the anti-Semitism of the times, and his "godlessness." Finally, the question is addressed of what it means that psychoanalysis was founded by a Jew. For Freud, psychoanalysis was a kind of liberation philosophy, an attempt to break free of his ethnic and religious inheritance. Yet it represented at the same time his ineradicable relationship with that inheritance. It encapsulated both the ambivalence of his Jewish identity and the creativity of his efforts to resolve it.
波兰科学哲学家路德维克·弗莱克认为，科学发现受到社会、政治、历史、心理和个人因素的影响。本文从弗莱克的视角审视了弗洛伊德犹太身份的决定因素，以及这种复杂身份对他将精神分析创建为一门科学的影响。文章识别并探讨了促成其犹太身份的三个因素：他对教化理想的执着、当时的反犹主义以及他的“无神论”。最后，文章探讨了精神分析由一名犹太人创立意味着什么这一问题。对弗洛伊德而言，精神分析是一种解放哲学，是他试图摆脱其种族和宗教遗产的尝试。然而，它同时也代表了他与那份遗产无法根除的联系。它既体现了他犹太身份的矛盾性，也体现了他为解决这一矛盾所做努力的创造性。
