Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Fargo, ND USA.
J Exp Bot. 2015 Feb;66(2):513-31. doi: 10.1093/jxb/eru465. Epub 2014 Dec 11.
In this review, we argue for a research initiative on wheat's responses to biotic stress. One goal is to begin a conversation between the disparate communities of plant pathology and entomology. Another is to understand how responses to a variety of agents of biotic stress are integrated in an important crop. We propose gene-for-gene interactions as the focus of the research initiative. On the parasite's side is an Avirulence (Avr) gene that encodes one of the many effector proteins the parasite applies to the plant to assist with colonization. On the plant's side is a Resistance (R) gene that mediates a surveillance system that detects the Avr protein directly or indirectly and triggers effector-triggered plant immunity. Even though arthropods are responsible for a significant proportion of plant biotic stress, they have not been integrated into important models of plant immunity that come from plant pathology. A roadblock has been the absence of molecular evidence for arthropod Avr effectors. Thirty years after this evidence was discovered in a plant pathogen, there is now evidence for arthropods with the cloning of the Hessian fly's vH13 Avr gene. After reviewing the two models of plant immunity, we discuss how arthropods could be incorporated. We end by showing features that make wheat an interesting system for plant immunity, including 479 resistance genes known from agriculture that target viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects, and mites. It is not likely that humans will be subsisting on Arabidopsis in the year 2050. It is time to start understanding how agricultural plants integrate responses to biotic stress.
在这篇综述中，我们主张开展一项关于小麦应对生物胁迫的研究计划。其目标之一是在植物病理学和昆虫学这两个截然不同的群体之间展开对话。另一个目标是了解在一种重要作物中，对各种生物胁迫因子的反应是如何整合的。我们提议以基因对基因相互作用作为研究计划的重点。在寄生虫一方，有一个无毒（Avr）基因，它编码寄生虫应用于植物以协助定殖的许多效应蛋白之一。在植物一方，有一个抗性（R）基因，它介导一个监视系统，该系统直接或间接地检测 Avr 蛋白，并触发效应子触发的植物免疫。尽管节肢动物是造成植物生物胁迫的重要原因，但它们尚未被整合到来自植物病理学的重要植物免疫模型中。一个障碍是缺乏节肢动物 Avr 效应子的分子证据。在这种证据在一种植物病原体中被发现 30 年后，现在有证据表明，通过克隆黑森蝇的 vH13 Avr 基因，节肢动物也具有这种效应子。在回顾了这两种植物免疫模型之后，我们讨论了如何将节肢动物纳入其中。最后，我们展示了使小麦成为有趣的植物免疫系统的特征，包括已知有 479 个针对病毒、细菌、真菌、线虫、昆虫和螨虫的农业抗性基因。到 2050 年，人类可能不会仅仅依靠拟南芥来维持生存。现在是时候开始了解农业植物如何整合对生物胁迫的反应了。
