Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2089, USA.
Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2012;50:339-57. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095255. Epub 2012 May 29.
Gall midges constitute an important group of plant-parasitic insects. The Hessian fly (HF; Mayetiola destructor), the most investigated gall midge, was the first insect hypothesized to have a gene-for-gene interaction with its host plant, wheat (Triticum spp.). Recent investigations support that hypothesis. The minute larval mandibles appear to act in a manner that is analogous to nematode stylets and the haustoria of filamentous plant pathogens. Putative effector proteins are encoded by hundreds of genes and expressed in the HF larval salivary gland. Cultivar-specific resistance (R) genes mediate a highly localized plant reaction that prevents the survival of avirulent HF larvae. Fine-scale mapping of HF avirulence (Avr) genes provides further evidence of effector-triggered immunity (ETI) against HF in wheat. Taken together, these discoveries suggest that the HF, and other gall midges, may be considered biotrophic, or hemibiotrophic, plant pathogens, and they demonstrate the potential that the wheat-HF interaction has in the study of insect-induced plant gall formation.
瘿蚊构成了一类重要的植物寄生昆虫。黑森瘿蚊（HF；Mayetiola destructor）是研究最多的瘿蚊，它是第一个被假设与宿主植物小麦（Triticum spp.）具有基因对基因相互作用的昆虫。最近的研究支持了这一假设。微小的幼虫下颚似乎以类似于线虫口针和丝状植物病原体吸器的方式起作用。推测的效应蛋白由数百个基因编码，并在 HF 幼虫唾液腺中表达。品种特异性抗性（R）基因介导一种高度本地化的植物反应，阻止无毒 HF 幼虫的存活。HF 无毒（Avr）基因的精细图谱绘制为小麦中 HF 的效应物触发免疫（ETI）提供了进一步证据。综上所述，这些发现表明 HF 及其他瘿蚊可能被认为是生物营养型或半生物营养型植物病原体，它们展示了小麦-HF 相互作用在研究昆虫诱导植物瘿形成方面的潜力。
