Horak Martin, Petralia Ronald S, Kaniakova Martina, Sans Nathalie
Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Prague, Czech Republic.
Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA.
Front Cell Neurosci. 2014 Nov 27;8:394. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00394. eCollection 2014.
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. There are three distinct subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) that have been identified including 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid receptors (AMPARs), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and kainate receptors. The most common GluRs in mature synapses are AMPARs that mediate the fast excitatory neurotransmission and NMDARs that mediate the slow excitatory neurotransmission. There have been large numbers of recent reports studying how a single neuron regulates synaptic numbers and types of AMPARs and NMDARs. Our current research is centered primarily on NMDARs and, therefore, we will focus in this review on recent knowledge of molecular mechanisms occurring (1) early in the biosynthetic pathway of NMDARs, (2) in the transport of NMDARs after their release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); and (3) at the plasma membrane including excitatory synapses. Because a growing body of evidence also indicates that abnormalities in NMDAR functioning are associated with a number of human psychiatric and neurological diseases, this review together with other chapters in this issue may help to enhance research and to gain further knowledge of normal synaptic physiology as well as of the etiology of many human brain diseases.
谷氨酸是哺乳动物中枢神经系统中的主要兴奋性神经递质。已鉴定出离子型谷氨酸受体（GluRs）有三种不同的亚型，包括2-氨基-3-（5-甲基-3-氧代-1,2-恶唑-4-基）丙酸受体（AMPARs）、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体（NMDARs）和海人藻酸受体。成熟突触中最常见的GluRs是介导快速兴奋性神经传递的AMPARs和介导缓慢兴奋性神经传递的NMDARs。最近有大量报道研究单个神经元如何调节AMPARs和NMDARs的突触数量和类型。我们目前的研究主要集中在NMDARs上，因此，在本综述中，我们将聚焦于以下方面的最新知识：（1）NMDARs生物合成途径早期发生的分子机制；（2）NMDARs从内质网（ER）释放后的转运过程；（3）包括兴奋性突触在内的质膜上的相关机制。由于越来越多的证据还表明NMDAR功能异常与许多人类精神和神经疾病有关，本综述以及本期的其他章节可能有助于加强研究，并进一步了解正常突触生理学以及许多人类脑部疾病的病因。
