Amaroli Andrea
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy,
Microb Ecol. 2015 Jul;70(1):244-54. doi: 10.1007/s00248-014-0541-z. Epub 2014 Dec 17.
Slime moulds live in agricultural ecosystems, where they play an important role in the soil fertilization and in the battle against crop pathogens. In an agricultural soil, the amoebae are exposed to different stress factors such as pesticides and weather conditions. The use of pesticides increased up from 0.49 kg per hectare in 1961 to 2 kg in 2004, and the global greenhouse gas emission has grown 70% between 1970 and 2004 leading to a global fluctuation of average surface temperature. Therefore, the European Directive 2009/128/EC has led to a new approach to agriculture, with the transition from an old concept based on high use of pesticides and fossil fuels to an agriculture aware of biodiversity and health issues. We studied the effects of temperature variations and pesticides on Dictyostelium discoideum. We measured the fission rate, the ability to differentiate and the markers of stress such as the activity and presence of pseudocholinesterase and the presence of heat shock protein 70. Our results highlight how the sensitivity to zinc, aluminium, silver, copper, cadmium, mercury, diazinon and dicofol changes for a 2 °C variation from nothing/low to critical. Our work suggests considering, in future regulations, about the use of pesticides as their toxic effect on non-target organisms is strongly influenced by climate temperatures. In addition, there is a need for a new consideration of the protozoa, which takes into account recent researches about the presence in this microorganism of classical neurotransmitters that, similar to those in animals, make protozoa an innocent target of neurotoxic pesticides in the battle against the pest crops.
黏菌生活在农业生态系统中，它们在土壤施肥以及对抗作物病原体方面发挥着重要作用。在农业土壤中，变形虫会接触到不同的压力因素，如农药和天气条件。农药的使用量从1961年的每公顷0.49千克增加到2004年的2千克，并且全球温室气体排放量在1970年至2004年期间增长了70%，导致全球平均地表温度波动。因此，欧洲指令2009/128/EC带来了一种新的农业模式，从基于大量使用农药和化石燃料的旧概念向关注生物多样性和健康问题的农业转变。我们研究了温度变化和农药对盘基网柄菌的影响。我们测量了裂变率、分化能力以及压力标志物，如假胆碱酯酶的活性和存在情况以及热休克蛋白70的存在情况。我们的结果突出了温度从无/低到临界变化2℃时，对锌、铝、银、铜、镉、汞、二嗪农和三氯杀螨醇的敏感性如何变化。我们的工作表明，在未来的法规中应考虑到农药的使用，因为其对非目标生物的毒性作用会受到气候温度的强烈影响。此外，有必要重新审视原生动物，考虑到最近关于这种微生物中存在经典神经递质的研究，这些神经递质与动物体内的类似，使得原生动物在对抗有害作物的斗争中成为神经毒性农药的无辜目标。
