Beníšek Martin, Kukučka Petr, Mariani Giulio, Suurkuusk Gert, Gawlik Bernd M, Locoro Giovanni, Giesy John P, Bláha Luděk
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Brno, Czech Republic.
European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Unit H.01-Water Resources Unit, Ispra, Italy.
Chemosphere. 2015 Mar;122:168-175. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.039. Epub 2014 Dec 15.
Aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion plays an important role in reduction of organic waste by transforming the waste into humus, which is an excellent soil conditioner. However, applications of chemical-contaminated composts on soils may have unwanted consequences such as accumulation of persistent compounds and their transfer into food chains. The present study investigated burden of composts and digestates collected in 16 European countries (88 samples) by the compounds causing dioxin-like effects as determined by use of an in vitro transactivation assay to quantify total concentrations of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-(AhR) mediated potency. Measured concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibeno-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) equivalents (TEQbio) were compared to concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and selected chlorinated compounds, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), co-planar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), indicator PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Median concentrations of TEQbio (dioxin-like compounds) determined by the in vitro assay in crude extracts of various types of composts ranged from 0.05 to 1.2 with a maximum 8.22μg (TEQbio)kg(-1) dry mass. Potencies were mostly associated with less persistent compounds such as PAHs because treatment with sulfuric acid removed bioactivity from most samples. The pan-European investigation of contamination by organic contaminants showed generally good quality of the composts, the majority of which were in compliance with conservative limits applied in some countries. Results demonstrate performance and added value of rapid, inexpensive, effect-based monitoring, and points out the need to derive corresponding effect-based trigger values for the risk assessment of complex contaminated matrices such as composts.
好氧堆肥和厌氧消化在将有机废物转化为腐殖质从而减少有机废物方面发挥着重要作用，腐殖质是一种优良的土壤改良剂。然而，在土壤中施用受化学污染的堆肥可能会产生不良后果，如持久性化合物的积累及其向食物链的转移。本研究通过体外转录激活试验测定了16个欧洲国家收集的堆肥和消化物（88个样本）中引起二噁英样效应的化合物负担，以量化芳烃受体（AhR）介导效力的总浓度。将测得的2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并对二噁英（2,3,7,8-TCDD）当量（TEQbio）浓度与多环芳烃（PAHs）和选定的氯化化合物浓度进行比较，这些氯化化合物包括多氯二苯并对二噁英/呋喃（PCDD/Fs）、共平面多氯联苯（PCBs）、指示性多氯联苯同系物和有机氯农药（OCPs）。通过体外试验测定的各种类型堆肥粗提物中二噁英样化合物（TEQbio）的中位浓度范围为0.05至1.2，最大为8.22μg（TEQbio）kg⁻¹干质量。效力大多与持久性较低的化合物如PAHs相关，因为用硫酸处理会使大多数样本失去生物活性。对有机污染物污染的泛欧调查表明，堆肥质量总体良好，其中大多数符合一些国家采用的保守限值。结果证明了基于效应的快速、廉价监测的性能和附加价值，并指出需要为堆肥等复杂污染基质的风险评估得出相应的基于效应的触发值。
