David I. Little (MA PhD) Limited, Environmental Consultancy, Swavesey, Cambridgeshire, Cambridge, CB24 4RL, UK.
Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2015 Feb;17(2):398-420. doi: 10.1039/c4em00522h.
Current and historic petroleum-related activities in Milford Haven Waterway (MHW; Wales, UK) contribute to hydrocarbon contamination of surficial sediments. Three main hydrocarbon components of sediments were analyzed: (1) aliphatic hydrocarbons of predominantly biogenic origin, representing about 5-15% of total hydrocarbons (THC); (2) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from recent petrogenic and mainly older pyrogenic sources, representing about 2-6% of THC; (3) unresolved complex mixture from spill-related and heavily-weathered petrogenic sources, representing as much as 70-85% of THC. Environmental forensics evaluation of the data demonstrate that although 72,000 tonnes (t) crude oil spilled from the Sea Empress in 1996, the Forties blend cargo was not identified in 2010. However, using biomarkers, heavy fuel oil (HFO) from Sea Empress' bunkers (480 t spilled) was detected further upstream and more widely than previously. Iranian crude (100 t) spilled by the El Omar in 1988 and fuel (130,000 t) lost during bombing in 1940 also were tentatively identified. The PAH source ratios demonstrate that the historic pyrogenic PAHs come mainly from biomass and coal combustion. The distribution pattern of PAHs appeared more pyrogenic in 2012 than in 1996, as if recovering from the more petrogenic signature, in places, of the Sea Empress. The heavier PAH distributions were pyrogenic at most stations, and similar to those in sediments from oil terminal berths up to 2006, when dredging operations peaked. Partly as a result of this, in 2007 the concentrations of PAHs peaked throughout the waterway. Apart from effluent, atmospheric and runoff inputs, most of the identified inputs to the surficial sediments are historic. Therefore, likely processes include disturbance by construction (e.g. pile-driving) and dredging of contaminants sequestered in sediments, followed by their wide redistribution via suspended sediment transport.
米尔福德港航道（MHW；英国威尔士）目前和历史上的石油相关活动导致表层沉积物受到碳氢化合物污染。分析了沉积物中的三种主要烃类成分：（1）主要源自生物的脂肪族烃，占总烃（THC）的 5-15%；（2）来自近期石油源和主要来自较老的热解源的多环芳烃（PAH），占 THC 的 2-6%；（3）来自溢油相关和风化严重的石油源的未解析复杂混合物，占 THC 的 70-85%。对数据的环境取证评估表明，尽管 1996 年“海女”号泄漏了 72000 吨原油，但在 2010 年并未发现“福蒂斯”混合油货物。然而，使用生物标志物，可以在更上游和更广泛的范围内检测到来自“海女”号燃料舱的重燃料油（HFO）（泄漏了 480 吨）。1988 年“奥马尔”号泄漏的伊朗原油（100 吨）和 1940 年轰炸期间损失的燃料（130000 吨）也被初步确定。多环芳烃的源比值表明，历史上的热解多环芳烃主要来自生物质和煤燃烧。2012 年多环芳烃的分布模式比 1996 年更具热解特征，在某些地方似乎正在从“海女”号更具石油特征的特征中恢复。在大多数站点，较重的多环芳烃分布都是热解来源，与 2006 年疏浚作业高峰时的油码头泊位沉积物中的分布相似。在某种程度上，这导致 2007 年整个航道的多环芳烃浓度达到峰值。除了污水、大气和径流输入外，表层沉积物中的大部分识别输入都是历史输入。因此，可能的过程包括施工（例如打桩）造成的干扰以及疏浚沉积物中封存的污染物，随后通过悬浮泥沙输运广泛重新分布。
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