University of Luebeck, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group S:TEP (Substance abuse and related disorders: Treatment, Epidemiology, and Prevention), Germany.
University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Social Medicine and Prevention, Germany.
Psychiatry Res. 2015 Feb 28;225(3):413-9. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.074. Epub 2014 Dec 11.
The risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among pathological gamblers is high compared to the general population. Little is known about the interplay of Axis I and Axis II disorders, severity of gambling disorder, and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. The study aims to address this linkage. The sampling design of the study "Pathological Gambling and Epidemiology" (PAGE) included four recruitment channels: general population, gambling locations, project telephone hotline, and in-patient treatment for pathological gambling. A total of 442 study participants with lifetime pathological gambling received a clinical interview. The multivariate analysis showed mood disorders (Relative Risk Ratio, RRR=5.14, 95%-Confidence Interval, CI=2.91-9.07), substance use disorders (RRR=1.73, CI=1.02-2.94), and early onset of gambling disorder (RRR=0.96, CI=0.93-0.99) to be associated with suicidal ideation. Suicidal attempts were associated with female sex (RRR=3.58, CI=1.56-8.19), mood disorders (RRR=11.92, CI=4.70-30.26), and Cluster B personality disorders (RRR=2.40, CI=1.13-5.10). Among study participants with suicide attempts, more had a Cluster B personality disorder than among participants with ideation solely (RRR=3.08, CI=1.48-6.40). Among this large mixed sample of pathological gamblers, high proportions of individuals with suicidal events, multi-morbidity on Axis I, and a strong linkage to Cluster B personality disorders were found.
与普通人群相比，病理性赌博者出现自杀意念和自杀企图的风险较高。人们对轴 I 和轴 II 障碍、赌博障碍严重程度以及自杀意念和自杀企图之间的相互作用知之甚少。本研究旨在探讨这一联系。研究“病理性赌博与流行病学”（PAGE）的抽样设计包括四个招募渠道：普通人群、赌博场所、项目电话热线和病理性赌博住院治疗。共有 442 名有终生病理性赌博史的研究参与者接受了临床访谈。多变量分析显示，心境障碍（相对风险比，RRR=5.14，95%置信区间，CI=2.91-9.07）、物质使用障碍（RRR=1.73，CI=1.02-2.94）和赌博障碍发病早（RRR=0.96，CI=0.93-0.99）与自杀意念有关。自杀企图与女性（RRR=3.58，CI=1.56-8.19）、心境障碍（RRR=11.92，CI=4.70-30.26）和 B 群人格障碍（RRR=2.40，CI=1.13-5.10）有关。在有自杀企图的研究参与者中，B 群人格障碍的比例高于仅有自杀意念的参与者（RRR=3.08，CI=1.48-6.40）。在这个有大量混合性病理性赌博者的样本中，发现有自杀事件的个体比例较高，轴 I 上的多疾病以及与 B 群人格障碍的紧密联系。
