University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Apr 1;511:331-40. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.061. Epub 2014 Dec 29.
Significant amounts of transition metals such as zinc, cadmium and copper can become enriched in the fine particle fraction during biomass combustion with Zn being one of the most abundant transition metals in wood combustion. These metals may have an important role in the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM). Indeed, many epidemiological studies have found associations between mortality and PM Zn content. The role of Zn toxicity on combustion PM was investigated. Pellets enriched with 170, 480 and 2300 mg Zn/kg of fuel were manufactured. Emission samples were generated using a pellet boiler and the four types of PM samples; native, Zn-low, Zn-medium and Zn-high were collected with an impactor from diluted flue gas. The RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line was exposed for 24h to different doses (15, 50,150 and 300 μg ml(-1)) of the emission samples to investigate their ability to cause cytotoxicity, to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), to altering the cell cycle and to trigger genotoxicity as well as to promote inflammation. Zn enriched pellets combusted in a pellet boiler produced emission PM containing ZnO. Even the Zn-low sample caused extensive cell cycle arrest and there was massive cell death of RAW 264.7 macrophages at the two highest PM doses. Moreover, only the Zn-enriched emission samples induced a dose dependent ROS response in the exposed cells. Inflammatory responses were at a low level but macrophage inflammatory protein 2 reached a statistically significant level after exposure of RAW 264.7 macrophages to ZnO containing emission particles. ZnO content of the samples was associated with significant toxicity in almost all measured endpoints. Thus, ZnO may be a key component producing toxicological responses in the PM emissions from efficient wood combustion. Zn as well as the other transition metals, may contribute a significant amount to the ROS responses evoked by ambient PM.
在生物质燃烧过程中，大量的过渡金属，如锌、镉和铜，可在细颗粒部分富集，其中锌是木材燃烧中最丰富的过渡金属之一。这些金属在颗粒物（PM）的毒理学特性方面可能起着重要作用。事实上，许多流行病学研究已经发现死亡率与 PM 中锌含量之间存在关联。本研究旨在探讨 Zn 毒性在燃烧 PM 中的作用。制备了富锌量为 170、480 和 2300mg/kg 燃料的颗粒。使用颗粒锅炉产生排放样品，并使用冲击器从稀释烟道气中收集 4 种类型的 PM 样品：原生、低锌、中锌和高锌。将 RAW 264.7 巨噬细胞系暴露于不同剂量（15、50、150 和 300μg/ml）的排放样品 24h，以研究其引起细胞毒性、生成活性氧（ROS）、改变细胞周期和引发遗传毒性以及促进炎症的能力。在颗粒锅炉中燃烧富锌颗粒产生含有 ZnO 的排放 PM。即使是低锌样品也会导致广泛的细胞周期停滞，在最高两个 PM 剂量下，RAW 264.7 巨噬细胞大量死亡。此外，只有富含 Zn 的排放样品在暴露细胞中诱导了剂量依赖性的 ROS 反应。炎症反应处于低水平，但在暴露于含 ZnO 排放颗粒后，巨噬细胞炎症蛋白 2 达到统计学显著水平。样品中的 ZnO 含量与几乎所有测量终点的显著毒性相关。因此，ZnO 可能是高效木材燃烧排放物中产生毒理学反应的关键成分。Zn 以及其他过渡金属，可能会对环境 PM 引发的 ROS 反应产生重大贡献。
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