Endröczi E
Institute of Clinical and Experimental Laboratory Investigations, University of Postgraduate Medical Education, Budapest, Hungary.
Acta Physiol Hung. 1989;73(4):417-32.
A classical distinction between endocrine cells and neurons cannot be accepted without exception. This dichotomy was first challenged by the concept of neurosecretion. Recent observations indicate that hormone synthesis takes place in many extraendocrine tissues since the gene expression for prohormone synthesis seems to be common for all eukaryotes although the secretion of biological active hormone products is limited by posttranslational processing for differentiated cells. Increasing number of data support the view that regulation of pituitary hormone secretion is under multifactorial control in addition to specific signaling molecular effects of hormone-releasing hormones. Such modulators are co-secreted messengers from hypothalamic sources or co-functioning at the pituitary cell level. Multichannel regulation of pituitary tropic hormones appears to be important for understanding the interactions of pharmacological agents with pituitary hormone release, on the one hand, and the modulation of hormone release in pathological conditions, on the other hand. Perinatal transient hazards may induce permanent alterations in adaptive behavior when tested in adult age. Corticosteroid-induced deviation of avoidance behavioral reactions may be opposed by simultaneous administration of ACTH-like peptides. These observations revealed that a balance of the glucocorticoids and ACTH-like peptides in perinatal period basically determine the adaptative reaction of animals in adult age. Immune system may be called as a mobile brain since its tremendous information capacity and its responsiveness to alterations of chemical environmental signals. Recent data support the view that there is a bidirectional communication between the neuro-endocrine adaptational axis and the immune system. Stress hormones can alter the immune response and mononuclear cells produce factors that change the neuroendocrine regulation. In addition to these, prohormones are synthesized in mononuclear cells that may be involved in regulation of signalization between cells and in activation of endocrine system and brain functions.
内分泌细胞和神经元之间的经典区分并非毫无例外。这种二分法首先受到神经分泌概念的挑战。最近的观察表明，激素合成发生在许多非内分泌组织中，因为尽管分化细胞的生物活性激素产物分泌受翻译后加工的限制，但激素原合成的基因表达似乎在所有真核生物中都很常见。越来越多的数据支持这样一种观点，即除了促激素释放激素的特定信号分子作用外，垂体激素分泌的调节还受到多因素控制。这些调节剂是来自下丘脑的共分泌信使或在垂体细胞水平共同起作用。垂体促性腺激素的多通道调节对于理解一方面药物与垂体激素释放的相互作用，另一方面病理状态下激素释放的调节似乎很重要。围产期短暂的危险因素在成年期进行测试时可能会导致适应性行为的永久性改变。同时给予促肾上腺皮质激素样肽可能会对抗皮质类固醇诱导的回避行为反应偏差。这些观察结果表明，围产期糖皮质激素和促肾上腺皮质激素样肽的平衡基本上决定了成年动物的适应性反应。免疫系统因其巨大的信息容量和对化学环境信号变化的反应能力，可被称为一个流动的大脑。最近的数据支持神经内分泌适应轴与免疫系统之间存在双向通信的观点。应激激素可以改变免疫反应，单核细胞产生改变神经内分泌调节的因子。除此之外，单核细胞中合成的激素原可能参与细胞间信号传导的调节以及内分泌系统和脑功能的激活。
