Chen Jianyong, Wang Xuan, Zhang Meng, Zhang Feng, Shen Mowei
Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China; Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China.
Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China.
J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2015 Jun;47:120-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.12.005. Epub 2014 Dec 30.
While drug-related contexts have been shown to influence drug users' implicit and explicit drug-related cognitions, this has been minimally explored in heroin abusers. This study examined the effect of heroin-related cue exposure on implicit and explicit valence and arousal-sedation associations with heroin use for abstinent heroin abusers.
In Experiment 1, 39 male abstinent heroin abusers were exposed to heroin-related words and reported cravings before and after cue exposure. They subsequently performed two Extrinsic Affective Simon Tasks (EASTs), which were used to assess implicit valence and arousal-sedation associations with heroin use. Thirty-six male abstinent heroin abusers (controls) only performed the two EASTs. All participants completed measures of explicit expectancy regarding heroin use. In Experiment 2, twenty-eight newly recruited abstinent heroin abusers were exposed to heroin-related pictures, and completed the same implicit and explicit measures used in Experiment 1.
A non-significant increase in craving after cue exposure was observed. While participants exposed to heroin-related words or pictures exhibited more positive implicit heroin use associations (relative to negative associations), and such trend was not observed in controls, this difference was not significant across groups. Participants still indicated negative explicit associations with heroin use after cue exposure. Exposure to cues significantly accelerated arousal and sedation responses.
Whether cue exposure could change self-reported craving requires further study in abstinent heroin abusers. The exclusively male sample limits generalization of the results.
The present findings extend the evidence on whether implicit and explicit heroin-related cognitions are susceptible to context.
虽然已证明与药物相关的情境会影响吸毒者的内隐和外显药物相关认知，但在海洛因滥用者中对此的研究极少。本研究考察了与海洛因相关的线索暴露对戒断期海洛因滥用者与海洛因使用相关的内隐和外显效价及唤醒 - 镇静关联的影响。
在实验1中，39名男性戒断期海洛因滥用者接触与海洛因相关的词汇，并在线索暴露前后报告渴望程度。随后他们进行了两项外在情感西蒙任务（EAST），用于评估与海洛因使用相关的内隐效价及唤醒 - 镇静关联。36名男性戒断期海洛因滥用者（对照组）仅进行了这两项EAST。所有参与者完成了关于海洛因使用的外显预期测量。在实验2中，28名新招募的戒断期海洛因滥用者接触与海洛因相关的图片，并完成了与实验1相同的内隐和外显测量。
线索暴露后观察到渴望程度有不显著的增加。虽然接触与海洛因相关词汇或图片的参与者表现出更多与海洛因使用相关的积极内隐关联（相对于消极关联），且对照组未观察到这种趋势，但两组间差异不显著。线索暴露后参与者仍表示与海洛因使用存在消极外显关联。线索暴露显著加速了唤醒和镇静反应。
线索暴露是否能改变自我报告的渴望程度，在戒断期海洛因滥用者中还需要进一步研究。仅男性样本限制了结果的推广。
本研究结果扩展了关于与海洛因相关的内隐和外显认知是否易受情境影响的证据。
