Malagnoux Laure, Marliac Gaëlle, Simon Sylvaine, Rault Magali, Capowiez Yvan
Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse UMR 7263 CNRS-IRD, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie (IMBE), 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, 84916 Avignon Cedex 09, France.
INRA, UR 1115, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 09, France.
Chemosphere. 2015 Apr;124:156-62. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.024. Epub 2015 Jan 7.
Our aim was to assess whether different apple orchard management strategies (low-input, organic, Integrated Pest Management (IPM)) would have an effect on earwigs, which are important natural enemies of apple pests. These commercial orchards were as well compared to abandoned orchards. The density of Forficula auricularia and Forficula pubescens was studied for three years in 74 orchards around Avignon. The pesticide usage, some orchard characteristics and two small-scale landscape parameters were characterized. Pesticide use was significantly different between low-input, organic and IPM orchards with particularly significant differences in the number of insecticide applications (2.2, 4.9 and 9.2 respectively). Pesticide use had a much stronger impact on earwig community than other characteristics. F. auricularia density was significantly lower in IPM orchards (0.47 individuals per tree) compared to organic, low-input and abandoned orchards (3.1, 4.5 and 1.6 individuals per tree, respectively). F. pubescens was almost absent from IPM orchards and its abundance was higher in abandoned or low-input orchards compared to organic orchards (1.5 and 2.8 vs 0.8 individuals per tree). The percentage of F. pubescens in the earwig community decreased from abandoned (52%) to low-input (40%), organic (15%) and IPM orchards (0.5%). These results were confirmed by LD50 assays showing that for the two pesticides causing mortality close to normal application rates (chlorpyrifos-ethyl and acetamiprid), F. pubescens was significantly more sensitive than F. auricularia. Since earwigs are also easy to capture and identify, they may be useful to estimate the effects of management strategies and their modification in pome fruit orchards.
我们的目标是评估不同的苹果园管理策略（低投入、有机、综合虫害管理（IPM））是否会对蠼螋产生影响，蠼螋是苹果害虫的重要天敌。这些商业果园也与废弃果园进行了比较。在阿维尼翁周边的74个果园中，对欧洲球螋和毛球螋的密度进行了为期三年的研究。对农药使用情况、一些果园特征和两个小规模景观参数进行了描述。低投入、有机和IPM果园之间的农药使用存在显著差异，尤其是杀虫剂施用量差异显著（分别为2.2次、4.9次和9.2次）。农药使用对蠼螋群落的影响比其他特征要强得多。与有机、低投入和废弃果园（分别为每棵树3.1只、4.5只和1.6只）相比，IPM果园中的欧洲球螋密度显著较低（每棵树0.47只）。IPM果园中几乎没有毛球螋，与有机果园相比，其在废弃或低投入果园中的数量更多（每棵树1.5只和2.8只，而有机果园为0.8只）。蠼螋群落中毛球螋的百分比从废弃果园（52%）降至低投入果园（40%）、有机果园（15%）和IPM果园（0.5%）。半数致死剂量（LD50）试验证实了这些结果，该试验表明，对于两种导致死亡率接近正常施用量的农药（毒死蜱和啶虫脒），毛球螋比欧洲球螋对其更为敏感。由于蠼螋也易于捕捉和识别，它们可能有助于评估管理策略的效果及其在梨果果园中的调整。
