Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd., Hořice, Czech Republic.
Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
Pest Manag Sci. 2021 Apr;77(4):1694-1704. doi: 10.1002/ps.6189. Epub 2020 Dec 2.
We investigated several aspects that could affect the role of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) as a generalist predator in orchards: (i) seasonal activity in apple orchards, (ii) effectiveness of two cardboard trap types (roll vs tape) to enhance earwig densities, (iii) the effect of pesticides (chlorpyrifos-methyl, spinosad, indoxacarb, spirotetramat, pirimicarb, sulphur, fluopyram tebuconazole) on earwig survival and behaviour, and (iv) the perception of European fruit growers of the earwigs' role as a predator or pest.
The highest activity of earwigs in apple trees was observed in summer. Roll traps were a more effective capture method than tape traps. The roll traps also significantly increased earwig abundances in trees. Only the earwigs exposed to the insecticides indoxacarb, spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl had significantly higher mortality and more erratic behaviour than earwigs from the control treatment. Earwigs from orchards with long-term (>10 years) application of chlorpyrifos-methyl had significantly lower mortality when exposed to this insecticide than earwigs from nonsprayed orchards. The fruit growers perceived earwigs as natural enemies of aphids and psyllids but also as pests. However, they regarded the damage caused by earwigs as economically unimportant without the necessity for management against them.
Fruit growers can increase earwig densities by installing rolled cardboard bands around trees. The highest seasonal activity of European earwigs coincides with applications of insecticides in orchards. This could disturb the earwigs' potential to suppress pest populations because several insecticides widely used in orchards have lethal and sublethal effects on earwigs even though they seem to develop some degree of pesticide resistance over time. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
我们研究了几个可能影响欧洲螽斯（Forficula auricularia）作为果园广义捕食者的角色的方面：（i）苹果园的季节性活动，（ii）两种纸板诱捕器类型（卷对带）提高螽斯密度的效果，（iii）农药（毒死蜱-甲基、多杀菌素、茚虫威、螺虫乙酯、吡虫啉、硫磺、氟吡菌酰胺-戊唑醇）对螽斯生存和行为的影响，以及（iv）欧洲水果种植者对螽斯作为捕食者或害虫的作用的看法。
在苹果树中，螽斯的最高活动发生在夏季。卷式陷阱是比胶带陷阱更有效的捕捉方法。卷式陷阱也显著增加了树上的螽斯数量。只有接触到茚虫威、多杀菌素和毒死蜱-甲基的螽斯死亡率明显更高，行为也更不稳定，而对照组的螽斯则没有。来自长期（>10 年）使用毒死蜱-甲基的果园的螽斯在接触这种杀虫剂时的死亡率明显低于来自未喷洒果园的螽斯。果农将螽斯视为蚜虫和木虱的天敌，但也将其视为害虫。然而，他们认为螽斯造成的损害在经济上不重要，因此没有必要对其进行管理。
果农可以通过在树周围安装卷式纸板带来增加螽斯的密度。欧洲螽斯的最高季节性活动与果园中杀虫剂的使用相吻合。这可能会干扰螽斯抑制害虫种群的潜力，因为在果园中广泛使用的几种杀虫剂对螽斯具有致命和亚致死作用，尽管它们随着时间的推移似乎会产生一定程度的抗药性。 © 2020 英国化学学会。
