School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Int J Epidemiol. 2015 Feb;44(1):218-28. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu264. Epub 2015 Jan 12.
Parental investments in children are an important determinant of human capability formation. We investigated the causal effect of household expenditure on Indonesian children's cognitive function between 2000 and 2007. We also investigated the effect of change in mean cognitive function from a simulation of a hypothetical cash transfer intervention.
A longitudinal analysis using data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) was conducted including 6136 children aged 7 to 14 years in 2000 and still alive in 2007. We used the inverse probability of treatment weighting of a marginal structural model to estimate the causal effect of household expenditure on children's cognitive function.
Cumulative household expenditure was positively associated with cognitive function z-score. From the marginal structural model, a 74534 rupiah/month (about US$9) increase in household expenditure resulted in a 0.03 increase in cognitive function z-score [β=0.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30-0.35] Based on our simulations, among children in the poorest households in 2000 an additional ≈ US$6-10 of cash transfer resulted in a 0.01 unit increase in cognitive function z-score, equivalent to about 6% increase from the mean z-score prior to cash transfer. In contrast, children in the poorest household in 2007 did not benefit from an additional ≈ US$10 cash transfer. We found no overall effect of cash transfers at the total population level.
Greater household expenditure had a small causal effect on children's cognitive function. Although cash transfer interventions had a positive effect for poor children, this effect was quite small. Multi-faceted interventions that combine nutrition, cash transfer, improved living conditions and women's education are required to benefit children's cognitive development in Indonesia.
父母对子女的投资是人类能力形成的一个重要决定因素。我们调查了 2000 年至 2007 年间家庭支出对印度尼西亚儿童认知功能的因果影响。我们还调查了从假设现金转移干预模拟中得出的平均认知功能变化的影响。
使用印度尼西亚家庭生活调查（IFLS）的数据进行纵向分析，该调查包括 2000 年年龄在 7 至 14 岁且 2007 年仍在世的 6136 名儿童。我们使用边际结构模型的逆概率治疗加权来估计家庭支出对儿童认知功能的因果影响。
累计家庭支出与认知功能 z 分数呈正相关。根据边际结构模型，家庭支出每月增加 74534 印尼盾（约合 9 美元），认知功能 z 分数增加 0.03[β=0.32，95%置信区间（CI）0.30-0.35]。根据我们的模拟，在 2000 年最贫困家庭的儿童中，额外增加约 6-10 美元的现金转移，认知功能 z 分数增加 0.01 单位，相当于现金转移前平均 z 分数增加约 6%。相比之下，2007 年最贫困家庭的儿童没有从额外的约 10 美元现金转移中受益。我们没有发现现金转移在总人口水平上的总体影响。
家庭支出的增加对儿童的认知功能有较小的因果影响。尽管现金转移干预对贫困儿童有积极影响，但这种影响相当小。印度尼西亚需要采取多方面的干预措施，将营养、现金转移、改善生活条件和妇女教育结合起来，以促进儿童的认知发展。
