Valiakos E, Marselos M, Sakellaridis N, Constantinidis Th, Skaltsa H
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece.
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Panepistimiopolis, Ioannina, Greece.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Apr 2;163:68-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.005. Epub 2015 Jan 14.
This paper focuses on the plants quoted in the recipes of the first chapter entitled "About the Antidotes" belonging to the first and largest section "Element Alpha" of Nikolaos Myrepsos׳ Dynameron, a medieval medical manuscript. Nikolaos Myrepsos was a Byzantine physician at the court of John III Doukas Vatatzes at Nicaea (13th century). He wrote in Greek a rich collection of 2667 recipes, the richest number known in late Byzantine era, conventionally known as Dynameron and divided into 24 sections, the "Elements". The only existing translation of this work is in Latin, released in 1549 in Basel by Leonhart Fuchs. Since no other translation has ever been made in any language, this work still remains poorly known.
Our primary source material was the codex written in 1339 and kept in the National Library of France (in Paris) under the number grec. 2243. For comparison, all the other codices, which contain the entire manuscript, have also been studied, namely the codices EBE 1478 (National Library of Greece, Athens), grec. 2237 and grec. 2238 (both in Paris), Lavra Ε 192 (Mont Athos, Monastery of Megisti Lavra), Barocci 171 (Oxford) and Revilla 83 (Escorial).
The exhaustive study of the "About the Antidotes" led us to the interpretation of 293 plant names among which we recognized 39 medicinal plants listed by the European Medicines Agency, (Herbal Medicines, www.ema.eu); the therapeutic indications of some of them provided by Myrepsos were similar or related to their current ones, as given in their monographs. The plants belong to various families of which the most frequent are: Apiaceae 10.6%; Lamiaceae 9.2%; Asteraceae 8.9%; Fabaceae 6.8% and Rosaceae 5.1%. The most frequently mentioned plants even under several different names are the following: Apium graveolens L., Crocus sativus L., Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Rosa centifolia L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Papaver somniferum L., Costus sp., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, Anethum graveolens L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Daucus carota L.
This research led us to the conclusion that the content of "About the Antidotes" is a valuable source for the study of recipes based mainly on medicinal plants, most of them inherited from classic ancient Greek and Hellenistic periods.
本文聚焦于尼科劳斯·米雷普索斯的《药力全书》第一章“关于解毒剂”的方剂中所引用的植物，该著作是一部中世纪医学手稿，属于篇幅最长且为首的第一部分“阿尔法元素”。尼科劳斯·米雷普索斯是13世纪在尼西亚的约翰三世·杜卡斯·瓦塔泽斯宫廷任职的拜占庭医生。他用希腊文撰写了一部丰富的方剂集，共2667个方剂，是拜占庭晚期已知数量最多的，通常被称为《药力全书》，并分为24个部分，即“元素”。这部著作唯一现存的译本是拉丁文的，于1549年由莱昂哈特·富克斯在巴塞尔出版。由于从未有过其他语言的译本，这部著作仍然鲜为人知。
我们的主要原始资料是1339年书写的手稿，保存在法国国家图书馆（巴黎），编号为grec. 2243。为作比较，我们还研究了包含整部手稿的所有其他手稿，即希腊国家图书馆（雅典）的EBE 1478号手稿、grec. 2237号和grec. 2238号手稿（均在巴黎）、阿索斯山大拉夫拉修道院的Lavra Ε 192号手稿、牛津大学的Barocci 171号手稿以及埃斯科里亚尔图书馆的Revilla 83号手稿。
对“关于解毒剂”的详尽研究使我们解读出293个植物名称，其中我们识别出欧洲药品管理局（草药，www.ema.eu）列出的39种药用植物；米雷普索斯给出的其中一些植物的治疗适应症与它们在专著中的当前适应症相似或相关。这些植物属于不同的科，其中最常见的是：伞形科10.6%；唇形科9.2%；菊科8.9%；豆科6.8%和蔷薇科5.1%。即使有几个不同名称但最常被提及的植物如下：芹菜Apium graveolens L.、藏红花Crocus sativus L.、甘松Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC.、姜Zingiber officinale Roscoe、百叶蔷薇Rosa centifolia L.、丁香Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry、罂粟Papaver somniferum L.、闭鞘姜Costus sp.、皱叶欧芹Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss、莳萝Anethum graveolens L.、茴香Foeniculum vulgare Mill.、胡萝卜Daucus carota L.。
这项研究使我们得出结论，“关于解毒剂”的内容是研究主要基于药用植物的方剂的宝贵资料来源，其中大多数方剂继承自古典古希腊和希腊化时期。
