Faruque Fazlay S, Li Hui, Williams Worth B, Waller Lance A, Brackin Bruce T, Zhang Lei, Grimes Kim A, Finley Richard W
GIS and Remote Sensing, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.
Geospat Health. 2014 Dec 1;8(3):S631-46. doi: 10.4081/gh.2014.293.
Air pollutants, such as particulate matter with a diameter ≤2.5 microns (PM2.5) and ozone (O3), are known to exacerbate asthma and other respiratory diseases. An integrated surveillance system that tracks such air pollutants and associated disease incidence can assist in risk assessment, healthcare preparedness and public awareness. However, the implementation of such an integrated environmental health surveillance system is a challenge due to the disparate sources of many types of data and the implementation becomes even more complicated for a spatial and real-time system due to lack of standardised technological components and data incompatibility. In addition, accessing and utilising health data that are considered as Protected Health Information (PHI) require maintaining stringent protocols, which have to be supported by the system. This paper aims to illustrate the development of a spatial surveillance system (GeoMedStat) that is capable of tracking daily environmental pollutants along with both daily and historical patient encounter data. It utilises satellite data and the groundmonitor data from the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the US Environemental Protection Agenecy (EPA), rspectively as inputs estimating air pollutants and is linked to hospital information systems for accessing chief complaints and disease classification codes. The components, developmental methods, functionality of GeoMedStat and its use as a real-time environmental health surveillance system for asthma and other respiratory syndromes in connection with with PM2.5 and ozone are described. It is expected that the framework presented will serve as an example to others developing real-time spatial surveillance systems for pollutants and hospital visits.
众所周知，空气污染物，如直径≤2.5微米的颗粒物（PM2.5）和臭氧（O3），会加剧哮喘和其他呼吸系统疾病。一个跟踪此类空气污染物及相关疾病发病率的综合监测系统有助于进行风险评估、医疗准备和提高公众意识。然而，由于多种类型数据的来源不同，实施这样一个综合环境卫生监测系统具有挑战性，而对于一个空间和实时系统来说，由于缺乏标准化的技术组件和数据不兼容，实施变得更加复杂。此外，获取和使用被视为受保护健康信息（PHI）的健康数据需要维持严格的协议，而这必须得到系统的支持。本文旨在说明一个空间监测系统（GeoMedStat）的开发情况，该系统能够跟踪每日环境污染物以及每日和历史患者就诊数据。它分别利用美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的卫星数据和美国环境保护局（EPA）的地面监测数据作为输入来估算空气污染物，并与医院信息系统相链接，以获取主要症状和疾病分类代码。本文描述了GeoMedStat的组件、开发方法、功能及其作为与PM2.5和臭氧相关的哮喘及其他呼吸道综合征的实时环境卫生监测系统的用途。预计所提出的框架将为其他开发污染物和医院就诊实时空间监测系统的人提供一个范例。
