Marton John M, Fennessy M Siobhan, Craft Christopher B
J Environ Qual. 2014 Jan;43(1):409-17. doi: 10.2134/jeq2013.04.0118.
We measured soil properties, carbon and nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus) pools, ambient and potential denitrification, and phosphorus sorption index (PSI) in natural depressional wetlands and depressional wetlands restored through the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Wetland Reserve Program. We measured the same suite of variables in natural and USDA Conservation Reserve Program-restored riparian buffers and in agricultural fields adjacent to both systems to determine the degree to which ecosystem services are being provided through restoration in different hydrogeomorphic settings. Organic carbon and nutrient pools, PSI, and denitrification were greater in natural than in 5- to 10-yr-old restored depressional wetlands. In riparian soils, carbon and nutrient pools, PSI, and denitrification were comparable between restored and natural systems, suggesting that these services develop quickly after restoration. Restored depressional wetlands had lower soil organic C, N, and P relative to agricultural soils, whereas the opposite trend was observed in restored riparian soils. Four-year-old restored riparian buffers achieved equivalence to natural riparian buffers within 4 yr, whereas restored depressional wetlands took longer to provide these ecosystem services (i.e., PSI, denitrification, C storage) at levels comparable to natural wetlands. Restored depressional wetlands and riparian buffers provide ecosystem services lost through previous conversion to agriculture throughout the Midwest; however, the development of these services depends on hydrodynamics (pulsed versus nonpulsed), parent material, soil texture (sand, clay), and disturbance regime (prescribed fire) of the site. As restoration continues throughout the region, C sequestration and nutrient removal in these systems is expected to increase water quality at the local and regional levels.
我们测量了自然洼地湿地以及通过美国农业部湿地储备计划恢复的洼地湿地的土壤性质、碳和养分（氮、磷）库、环境反硝化和潜在反硝化以及磷吸附指数（PSI）。我们还测量了自然和美国农业部保护储备计划恢复的河岸缓冲带以及与这两个系统相邻的农田中的同一组变量，以确定在不同水文地貌环境下通过恢复提供生态系统服务的程度。自然洼地湿地中的有机碳和养分库、PSI和反硝化作用比5至10年的恢复洼地湿地更大。在河岸土壤中，恢复系统和自然系统之间的碳和养分库、PSI和反硝化作用相当，这表明这些服务在恢复后很快就会发展起来。相对于农业土壤，恢复的洼地湿地的土壤有机碳、氮和磷含量较低，而在恢复的河岸土壤中则观察到相反的趋势。4年恢复的河岸缓冲带在4年内达到了与自然河岸缓冲带相当的水平，而恢复的洼地湿地则需要更长时间才能提供与自然湿地相当水平的这些生态系统服务（即PSI、反硝化作用、碳储存）。恢复的洼地湿地和河岸缓冲带提供了整个中西部地区因先前转变为农业而丧失的生态系统服务；然而，这些服务的发展取决于场地的水动力（脉冲式与非脉冲式）、母质、土壤质地（沙子、粘土）和干扰状况（规定火烧）。随着该地区恢复工作的持续进行，预计这些系统中的碳固存和养分去除将改善当地和区域层面的水质。
