Han Jingxiu, Hu Ji, Sun Hong, Jing Qiqing, Wang Xiaofeng, Lou Xiaoming, Ding Zhen, Chen Xiaodong, Zhang Wenli, Shang Qi
Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2014 Nov;43(6):939-43, 952.
To investigate the characteristics of urinary cadmium of the non-occupational-cadmium-exposed population in non-cadmium contaminated rural area in China.
Randomly selected non-occupational cadmium exposed population 2548 people (male 1290, female 1258) with each gender and age groups, questionnaire surveyed and collected random urine. Urinary cadmium and urinary creatinine (Cr) concentration were tested, excluding urinary Cr < 0.3 g/L and > 3 g/L. Analyze the impact factors of urinary cadmium and calculated 95% quantile (P95) of urinary cadmium after correction by urinary Cr.
Urinary cadmium increased with age and showed an upward trend. The urinary cadmium of the population of ≥ 30 years old was significantly higher than that of < 30 years old, women significantly higher than male, and smokers significantly higher than non-smokers (P < 0.01). Generalized linear model for multivariate analysis showed that smoking, age and gender are still significantly affected on urinary cadmium after adjusting for other factors (P < 0.01), regression equation: urinary cadmium (Cr corrected) = 0.854 + 0.325 x smoking + 0.111 x age--0.305 x gender (F = 367.69, P < 0.01). However, the multiple correlation coefficient of regression equation R2 = 0.0350, which is only 3.50% available in urinary cadmium variations can be explained by gender, age, and smoking. According to gender, smoking and < 30 and ≥ 30 years of age, analysis the upper limit of cadmium in urine, the 95% upper limit of urinary cadmium of ≥ 30 year-old female smokers (13.47 μg/g Cr) was significantly higher than other populations (< 6.0 μg/g Cr), the 95% upper limit of urinary cadmium of ≥ 30 year-old female and ≥ 30 year-old male smokers exceeded the urinary cadmium limits (5 μg/g Cr) of the occupational cadmium poisoning diagnostic criteria in China (GB Z17-2002).
The urinary cadmium reference value of non-occupational-cadmium-exposed populations is < 6.0 μg/g Cr in the three non-cadmium contaminated rural area in China, but for smoking women over 30 year-old it needs more research to explore.
探讨中国非镉污染农村地区非职业性镉暴露人群的尿镉特征。
随机选取非职业性镉暴露人群2548人（男1290人，女1258人），按性别和年龄分组，进行问卷调查并随机采集尿液。检测尿镉和尿肌酐（Cr）浓度，排除尿Cr<0.3g/L和>3g/L者。分析尿镉的影响因素，并计算经尿Cr校正后的尿镉95%分位数（P95）。
尿镉随年龄增长而升高，呈上升趋势。≥30岁人群的尿镉显著高于<30岁人群，女性显著高于男性，吸烟者显著高于非吸烟者（P<0.01）。多因素分析的广义线性模型显示，在调整其他因素后，吸烟、年龄和性别仍对尿镉有显著影响（P<0.01），回归方程：尿镉（Cr校正）=0.854+0.325×吸烟+0.111×年龄-0.305×性别（F=367.69，P<0.01）。然而，回归方程的复相关系数R2=0.0350，即性别、年龄和吸烟仅能解释尿镉变异的3.50%。按性别、吸烟情况及<30岁和≥30岁年龄分析尿镉上限，≥30岁女性吸烟者的尿镉95%上限（13.47μg/g Cr）显著高于其他人群（<6.0μg/g Cr），≥30岁女性和≥30岁男性吸烟者的尿镉95%上限超过了中国职业性镉中毒诊断标准（GB Z17-2002）的尿镉限值（5μg/g Cr）。
中国三个非镉污染农村地区非职业性镉暴露人群的尿镉参考值<6.0μg/g Cr，但对于30岁以上吸烟女性，尚需更多研究探索。
