Flore Paulette C, Wicherts Jelte M
Tilburg University, The Netherlands.
Tilburg University, The Netherlands.
J Sch Psychol. 2015 Feb;53(1):25-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2014.10.002. Epub 2014 Nov 13.
Although the effect of stereotype threat concerning women and mathematics has been subject to various systematic reviews, none of them have been performed on the sub-population of children and adolescents. In this meta-analysis we estimated the effects of stereotype threat on performance of girls on math, science and spatial skills (MSSS) tests. Moreover, we studied publication bias and four moderators: test difficulty, presence of boys, gender equality within countries, and the type of control group that was used in the studies. We selected study samples when the study included girls, samples had a mean age below 18years, the design was (quasi-)experimental, the stereotype threat manipulation was administered between-subjects, and the dependent variable was a MSSS test related to a gender stereotype favoring boys. To analyze the 47 effect sizes, we used random effects and mixed effects models. The estimated mean effect size equaled -0.22 and significantly differed from 0. None of the moderator variables was significant; however, there were several signs for the presence of publication bias. We conclude that publication bias might seriously distort the literature on the effects of stereotype threat among schoolgirls. We propose a large replication study to provide a less biased effect size estimate.
尽管有关女性与数学的刻板印象威胁效应已受到各种系统评价，但尚无针对儿童和青少年亚群体进行的此类评价。在这项荟萃分析中，我们估计了刻板印象威胁对女孩在数学、科学和空间技能（MSSS）测试成绩的影响。此外，我们研究了发表偏倚以及四个调节变量：测试难度、男孩的存在、国家内部的性别平等以及研究中使用的对照组类型。当研究纳入女孩、样本的平均年龄低于18岁、设计为（准）实验性、刻板印象威胁操纵在组间进行且因变量是与有利于男孩的性别刻板印象相关的MSSS测试时，我们选择研究样本。为了分析47个效应量，我们使用了随机效应模型和混合效应模型。估计的平均效应量为-0.22，且与0有显著差异。没有一个调节变量是显著的；然而，有几个迹象表明存在发表偏倚。我们得出结论，发表偏倚可能会严重歪曲关于女学生中刻板印象威胁效应的文献。我们提议进行一项大型重复研究，以提供一个偏差较小的效应量估计。
