Brisken Cathrin, Ataca Dalya
ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol. 2015 May-Jun;4(3):181-95. doi: 10.1002/wdev.172. Epub 2015 Jan 23.
Most of mammary gland development occurs postnatally under the control of female reproductive hormones, which in turn interact with other endocrine factors. While hormones impinge on many tissues and trigger very complex biological responses, tissue recombination experiments with hormone receptor-deficient mammary epithelia revealed eminent roles for estrogens, progesterone, and prolactin receptor (PrlR) signaling that are intrinsic to the mammary epithelium. A subset of the luminal mammary epithelial cells expresses the estrogen receptor α (ERα), the progesterone receptor (PR), and the PrlR and act as sensor cells. These cells convert the detected systemic signals into local signals that are developmental stage-dependent and may be direct, juxtacrine, or paracrine. This setup ensures that the original input is amplified and that the biological responses of multiple cell types can be coordinated. Some key mediators of hormone action have been identified such as Wnt, EGFR, IGFR, and RANK signaling. Multiple signaling pathways such as FGF, Hedgehog, and Notch signaling participate in driving different aspects of mammary gland development locally but how they link to the hormonal control remains to be elucidated. An increasing number of endocrine factors are appearing to have a role in mammary gland development, the adipose tissue is increasingly recognized to play a role in endocrine regulation, and a complex role of the immune system with multiple different cell types is being revealed. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
大多数乳腺发育在出生后发生，受雌性生殖激素的控制，而这些激素又与其他内分泌因子相互作用。虽然激素作用于许多组织并引发非常复杂的生物学反应，但对缺乏激素受体的乳腺上皮进行的组织重组实验表明，雌激素、孕激素和催乳素受体（PrlR）信号传导在乳腺上皮中具有重要作用。一部分腔面乳腺上皮细胞表达雌激素受体α（ERα）、孕激素受体（PR）和PrlR，并作为传感细胞。这些细胞将检测到的全身信号转化为依赖于发育阶段的局部信号，这些信号可能是直接的、旁分泌的或自分泌的。这种机制确保了原始输入信号得到放大，并且多种细胞类型的生物学反应能够得到协调。已经确定了一些激素作用的关键介质，如Wnt、表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）、胰岛素样生长因子受体（IGFR）和核因子κB受体活化因子（RANK）信号传导。多种信号通路，如成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF）、刺猬因子（Hedgehog）和Notch信号传导，在局部驱动乳腺发育的不同方面，但它们如何与激素控制相联系仍有待阐明。越来越多的内分泌因子似乎在乳腺发育中发挥作用，脂肪组织在内分泌调节中的作用越来越受到认可，并且免疫系统中多种不同细胞类型的复杂作用也正在被揭示。有关本文的更多资源，请访问WIREs网站。
