Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; University of Oslo, Dept. of Bioscience, Postboks N-0316 Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
Akvaplan NIVA, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 May 1;514:211-8. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.101. Epub 2015 Feb 6.
European herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs from two Norwegian islands, Musvær in the south east and Reiaren in Northern Norway, were screened for dioxins, furans, and dioxin-like and selected non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and subjected to non-target analysis to try to identify the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, responsible for elevated levels measured using the dioxin responsive chemically activated luciferase expression (DR-CALUX) assay. Eggs from Musvær contained chemically calculated toxic equivalent (WHO TEQ) levels of between 109 and 483 pg TEQ/g lw, and between 82 and 337 pg TEQ/g lw was determined in eggs from Reiaren. In particular PCB126 contributed highly to the total TEQ (69-82%). In 19 of the 23 samples the calculated WHO TEQ was higher than the TEQCALUX. Using CALUX specific relative effect potencies (REPs), the levels were lower at between 77 and 292 pg/g lw in eggs from Musvær and between 55 and 223 pg/g lw in eggs from Reiaren, which was higher than the TEQCALUX in 16 of the 23 samples. However, the means of the REP values and the TEQCALUX were not significantly different. This suggests the presence of compounds that can elicit antagonist effects, with a low binding affinity to the AhR. Non-target analysis identified the presence of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (quantified at 9.6-185 pg/g lw) but neither this compound nor high concentrations of PCB126 and non-dioxin-like PCBs could explain the differences between the calculated TEQ or REP values and the TEQCALUX. Even though, for most AhR agonists, the sensitivity of herring gulls is not known, the reported levels can be considered to represent a risk for biological effects in the developing embryo, compared to LC50 values in chicken embryos. For human consumers of herring gull eggs, these eggs contain TEQ levels up to four times higher than the maximum tolerable weekly intake.
来自挪威两个岛屿（东南部的 Musvær 和北挪威的 Reiaren）的欧洲银鸥（Larus argentatus）卵被筛选出二恶英、呋喃、类二恶英和选定的非二恶英多氯联苯（PCBs），并进行非靶向分析，试图确定芳基烃受体（AhR）激动剂，这些激动剂负责使用二恶英反应性化学激活荧光素表达（DR-CALUX）测定法测量到的升高水平。Musvær 的卵含有化学计算的毒性等效（WHO TEQ）水平在 109 到 483 pg TEQ/g lw 之间，而 Reiaren 的卵中则确定为 82 到 337 pg TEQ/g lw。特别是 PCB126 对总 TEQ 有很大贡献（69-82%）。在 23 个样本中的 19 个中，计算出的 WHO TEQ 高于 TEQCALUX。使用 CALUX 特异性相对效应潜能（REP），Musvær 卵中的含量在 77 到 292 pg/g lw 之间，Reiaren 卵中的含量在 55 到 223 pg/g lw 之间，在 23 个样本中的 16 个中高于 TEQCALUX。然而，REP 值和 TEQCALUX 的平均值没有显著差异。这表明存在可以引起拮抗作用的化合物，与 AhR 的结合亲和力较低。非靶向分析确定了六氯苯（HCB）的存在（定量为 9.6-185 pg/g lw），但这种化合物以及高浓度的 PCB126 和非二恶英类 PCBs 都无法解释计算出的 TEQ 或 REP 值与 TEQCALUX 之间的差异。尽管大多数 AhR 激动剂的敏感性尚不清楚，但与鸡胚的 LC50 值相比，报告的水平可以被认为代表了对发育中胚胎的生物效应的风险。对于食用银鸥卵的人类消费者，这些卵中的 TEQ 水平高达每周可耐受摄入量的四倍。
