Lau Jennifer A, terHorst Casey P
Kellogg Biological Station & Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 3700 E Gull Lake Dr., Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, USA.
Mol Ecol. 2015 May;24(9):1987-98. doi: 10.1111/mec.13084. Epub 2015 Feb 19.
Biological invasions are a major challenge to native communities and have the potential to exert strong selection on native populations. As a result, native taxa may adapt to the presence of invaders through increased competitive ability, increased antipredator defences or altered morphologies that may limit encounters with toxic prey. Yet, in some cases, species may fail to adapt to biological invasions. Many challenges to adaptation arise because biological invasions occur in complex species-rich communities in spatially and temporally variable environments. Here, we review these 'ecological' constraints on adaptation, focusing on the complications that arise from the need to simultaneously adapt to multiple biotic agents and from temporal and spatial variation in both selection and demography. Throughout, we illustrate cases where these constraints might be especially important in native populations faced with biological invasions. Our goal was to highlight additional complexities empiricists should consider when studying adaptation to biological invasions and to begin to identify conditions when adaptation may fail to be an effective response to invasion.
生物入侵是对本地群落的重大挑战，并且有可能对本地种群施加强烈的选择作用。因此，本地分类群可能会通过增强竞争能力、增强反捕食防御或改变形态来适应入侵者的存在，这些形态变化可能会减少与有毒猎物的接触。然而，在某些情况下，物种可能无法适应生物入侵。适应面临许多挑战，因为生物入侵发生在空间和时间上多变的环境中复杂的、物种丰富的群落里。在这里，我们回顾这些对适应的“生态”限制，重点关注因需要同时适应多种生物因子以及选择和种群统计学的时空变化而产生的复杂性。在整个过程中，我们举例说明在面临生物入侵的本地种群中，这些限制可能尤为重要的情况。我们的目标是强调实证主义者在研究对生物入侵的适应时应考虑的其他复杂性，并开始确定适应可能无法成为应对入侵的有效反应的条件。
