Alternatives to lithium for preventive treatment of bipolar disorder.

The authors review the research literature on drug treatment for the prevention of recurrences in bipolar disorder, emphasizing the available alternatives to lithium therapy. They discuss the need for alternative treatments and the current status of promising agents. Carbamazepine receives special attention because of its status as the most promising backup treatment for lithium. The authors conclude that despite the extensive literature on carbamazepine, there is strong need for carefully designed, prospective, double-blind studies to establish the efficacy of carbamazepine alone and in combination with lithium as a prophylactic treatment for bipolar disorder. Difficulties in developing and evaluating preventive maintenance are discussed.