University of Cukurova, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Department of Biology, 01330 Adana, Turkey.
University of Cukurova, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Department of Biology, 01330 Adana, Turkey.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015 Mar;39(2):606-13. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.12.019. Epub 2015 Jan 8.
The conductivity is largely determined by ion levels in water, predominant ion being Ca(2+) in the freshwaters. For this reason, the effects of copper were evaluated as a matter of conductivity of exposure media in the present study. Thus, freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus were exposed to copper in differing conductivities (77, 163 and 330 μS/cm), using acute (0.3 μM, 3 d) and chronic (0.03 μM, 30 d) exposure protocols. Following the exposure serum parameters of fish were measured. Data showed that there was no significant alteration (P>0.05) in serum parameters of control fish. However, activities of ALP, ALT and AST decreased significantly at the lower conductivities in chronic copper exposure, but not in acute ones. Protein levels did not differ significantly in any of the exposure conditions. However, Cu exposure at the lowest conductivity sharply increased the levels of glucose in the acute exposure, while there was no significant difference in the chronic exposure. Cholesterol levels decreased only at the lower conductivities in chronic exposure, but increased in acute exposure. Similarly, triglyceride levels increased in acute exposures and decreased in chronic exposures at the lowest conductivity. There was no change in Na(+) levels, while there was an increase in K(+) levels and a decrease in Ca(2+) level at the lowest conductivity of acute exposures. However, Cl(-) levels generally decreased at the higher conductivities of chronic exposures. There was a strong negative relationship between significant altered serum parameters and water conductivity. In conclusion, this study showed that copper exposure of fish at lower conductivities caused more toxicities, indicating the protective effect of calcium ions against copper toxicity. Data suggest that conductivity of water may be used in the evaluation of metal data from different waters with different chemical characteristics.
水的电导率主要由水中离子水平决定，淡水的主要离子是 Ca(2+)。出于这个原因，本研究评估了铜的影响，作为暴露介质电导率的一个因素。因此，使用急性（0.3 μM，3 d）和慢性（0.03 μM，30 d）暴露方案，将淡水鱼奥利亚罗非鱼暴露于不同电导率（77、163 和 330 μS/cm）的铜中。暴露后测量了鱼的血清参数。数据表明，对照组鱼的血清参数没有显著变化（P>0.05）。然而，在慢性铜暴露的较低电导率下，ALP、ALT 和 AST 的活性显著降低，但在急性暴露中没有。在任何暴露条件下，蛋白质水平均无显著差异。然而，在急性暴露中，最低电导率的 Cu 暴露会急剧增加葡萄糖水平，而在慢性暴露中则没有显著差异。胆固醇水平仅在慢性暴露的较低电导率下降低，但在急性暴露中增加。同样，在急性暴露中甘油三酯水平升高，在慢性暴露中在最低电导率下降低。Na(+) 水平没有变化，而在急性暴露的最低电导率下，K(+) 水平增加，Ca(2+) 水平降低。然而，Cl(-) 水平在慢性暴露的较高电导率下通常降低。血清参数的显著变化与水电导率之间存在强烈的负相关关系。总之，本研究表明，鱼类在较低电导率下暴露于铜会引起更大的毒性，表明钙离子对铜毒性具有保护作用。数据表明，水的电导率可用于评估具有不同化学特性的不同水金属数据。
