Pastor Luis Miguel, García Cuadrado José Ángel
Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB-Arrixaca, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
Ecclesiastical Faculty of Philosophy. Philosophical Anthropology. Universidad de Navarra.
Cuad Bioet. 2014 Sep-Dec;25(85):335-50.
There are various authors who, within the realm of bioethics, propose as a model of the human being, a man who is enhanced, transhuman or even posthuman. The philosophical roots of these bioethical thinkers have not been sufficiently analysed. In this article our aim is to demonstrate the connection of this movement with the evolution of philosophy over the past several decades. Therefore, and keeping in mind that the transhumanist-posthumanist proposals appeared in the last decades of the 20th century, a time when important philosophical change was afoot, with a movement from the modern age to the postmodern, we begin our article by identifying the philosophical characteristics of both periods, as well as the relationship that exists between them. We will analyse synthetically the conception of the human being, of ethics and of empirical science in both periods, coming to the conclusion that the postmodern era is the result of the radicalization of ideas that were already latent in modernity. Afterwards, and following a brief summary of the postulates of transhumanism-posthumanism, we study the links that this current of thought has with modern and postmodern perspectives regarding the human person, ethics and technoscientific activity. We conclude that even though transhumanist-posthumanist thought has roots in modernity, its objectives and their theoretical bases reveal a strong dependence on postmodern thought. And further, since this latter current of thought is, at base, antihumanist it is logical that transhumanism-posthumanism, influenced by postmodernity, would reveal a strong tendency not merely to negate what the human being is, but even to forget what it is out of a desire to construct something different from the human in the future.
在生物伦理学领域，有各种各样的作者提出将经过强化的人、超人类甚至后人类作为人类的一种模式。这些生物伦理思想家的哲学根源尚未得到充分分析。在本文中，我们的目的是展示这一运动与过去几十年哲学演变的联系。因此，鉴于超人类主义—后人类主义的提议出现在20世纪的最后几十年，这是一个重要哲学变革正在发生的时期，即从现代走向后现代的时期，我们在文章开头先确定这两个时期的哲学特征以及它们之间存在的关系。我们将综合分析这两个时期关于人类、伦理和实证科学的概念，得出后现代时代是现代性中已然潜藏的思想激进化的结果这一结论。之后，在简要总结超人类主义—后人类主义的假设后，我们研究这一思想潮流与关于人类、伦理和技术科学活动的现代及后现代观点之间的联系。我们得出结论，尽管超人类主义—后人类主义思想扎根于现代性，但其目标及其理论基础显示出对后现代思想的强烈依赖。此外，由于后一种思想潮流本质上是反人文主义的，受后现代性影响的超人类主义—后人类主义表现出一种强烈倾向，不仅否定人类的现状，甚至出于未来构建与人类不同之物的欲望而忘记人类的本质，这是合乎逻辑的。
