Kupriianov R V, Zhdanov R I
Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2014 Jan-Feb;64(1):21-31.
Concepts of stress and allostasis are discussed in the paper in their interrelation and interpenetration. General adaptation syndrome is considered in the historical aspect of Claude Bernard's, William Cannon's and Hans Selye's contributions to the field, and from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach. Key challenges and contradictions of the stress concept are disclosed and discussed. First, the terminology ones, since this term might be understood as stress response, stressor, state of the organism and even the consequences of stress itself. Second, it is ambivalent and contradictory nature of the stress response. From the perception of stress as a reaction to the strong negative impact of environment, researchers became to divide stress onto two types: distress as a non-specific basis of disease, and eustress as a favorable factor that extends the adaptability of human organism. The third problem is connected to the interdisciplinary nature of the stress response, the effects of which being manifested in, at least, four areas: physiology, behavior, subjective experience, and cognitive functions. Particularily, physiologists are very often ignored of a role of cognitive factors in their stress research. The authors in terms of the allostasis theory, more complex adaptation process than homeostasis, resolve contradictories of stress conception observed. The paper proposes a model of allostatic states to describe distress and eustress phenomena.
本文讨论了应激和同态调节的概念及其相互关系和相互渗透。从克劳德·伯纳德、威廉·坎农和汉斯·塞尔耶在该领域的贡献的历史角度以及跨学科方法的角度，探讨了一般适应综合征。揭示并讨论了应激概念的关键挑战和矛盾。首先是术语方面的问题，因为这个术语可能被理解为应激反应、应激源、机体状态，甚至是应激本身的后果。其次是应激反应的矛盾性和双重性质。从将应激视为对环境强烈负面影响的反应这一观点出发，研究人员开始将应激分为两种类型：作为疾病非特异性基础的应激反应，以及作为扩展人类机体适应性的有利因素的良性应激。第三个问题与应激反应的跨学科性质有关，其影响至少表现在四个领域：生理学、行为、主观体验和认知功能。特别是，生理学家在其应激研究中常常忽略认知因素的作用。作者从同态调节理论（一种比稳态更复杂的适应过程）的角度，解决了所观察到的应激概念的矛盾之处。本文提出了一个同态调节状态模型来描述应激反应和良性应激现象。
