Atkinson L D
Nurs Res. 1979 Sep-Oct;28(5):267-71.
Twenty-two primigravida women who planned to breastfeed began conditioning their nipples six weeks before their expected delivery date by nipple rolling twice a day for two minutes each time; providing gentle friction against the nipple with a terry cloth towel for 15 seconds once a day; and nipple airing for two hours a day, allowing outer clothing to rub against the nipple. Each woman served as her own control, conditioning one nipple but not the other. No nipple ointments or soap were used on either nipple during the course of the study. Each woman was given instructions on breastfeeding techniques to be used after delivery. The women completed two checklists: One revealed how consistently they followed the nipple-conditioning regime; with the other, they rated nipple pain on each breast, for every nursing, during the first five days postdelivery. Ratings were: 1--negligible pain or no pain, 2--definite pain, 3--extreme pain. Seventeen women successfully completed the study. Effect of skin color on the amount of nipple pain was also investigated. The prenatal nipple-conditioning regime significantly reduced the amount of total nipple pain experienced during the first few days of breastfeeding. The amount of extreme pain experienced on the conditioned nipple was significantly (p less than .01) reduced compared to the control nipple. Fair-skinned women reported more nipple soreness on unconditioned nipples, and olive-complected women reported significantly (p less than .01) less nipple soreness on unconditioned nipples.
22名计划进行母乳喂养的初产妇在预计分娩日期前六周开始对乳头进行护理，方法是每天两次，每次两分钟地滚动乳头；每天一次用毛巾轻柔摩擦乳头15秒；每天让乳头透气两小时，让外衣摩擦乳头。每位女性都以自己作为对照，一侧乳头进行护理，另一侧不护理。在研究过程中，两侧乳头均未使用乳头膏或肥皂。每位女性都接受了产后母乳喂养技巧的指导。这些女性完成了两份清单：一份显示她们遵循乳头护理方案的一致性；另一份是她们对产后头五天每次喂奶时两侧乳房的乳头疼痛程度进行评分。评分标准为：1——轻微疼痛或无疼痛，2——明显疼痛，3——剧痛。17名女性成功完成了研究。还研究了肤色对乳头疼痛程度的影响。产前乳头护理方案显著减少了母乳喂养头几天乳头的总疼痛程度。与对照乳头相比，接受护理的乳头所经历的剧痛程度显著降低（p小于0.01）。皮肤白皙的女性报告未护理乳头的酸痛感更强，而肤色呈橄榄色的女性报告未护理乳头的酸痛感显著更轻（p小于0.01）。
