Nikolić Danko
Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstraße 46, D-60528 Frankfurt/M, Germany; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Ruth-Moufang-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt/M, Germany; Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, D-60528 Frankfurt/M, Germany; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
J Theor Biol. 2015 May 21;373:40-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.03.003. Epub 2015 Mar 16.
The mind is a biological phenomenon. Thus, biological principles of organization should also be the principles underlying mental operations. Practopoiesis states that the key for achieving intelligence through adaptation is an arrangement in which mechanisms laying at a lower level of organization, by their operations and interaction with the environment, enable creation of mechanisms laying at a higher level of organization. When such an organizational advance of a system occurs, it is called a traverse. A case of traverse is when plasticity mechanisms (at a lower level of organization), by their operations, create a neural network anatomy (at a higher level of organization). Another case is the actual production of behavior by that network, whereby the mechanisms of neuronal activity operate to create motor actions. Practopoietic theory explains why the adaptability of a system increases with each increase in the number of traverses. With a larger number of traverses, a system can be relatively small and yet, produce a higher degree of adaptive/intelligent behavior than a system with a lower number of traverses. The present analyses indicate that the two well-known traverses - neural plasticity and neural activity - are not sufficient to explain human mental capabilities. At least one additional traverse is needed, which is named anapoiesis for its contribution in reconstructing knowledge e.g., from long-term memory into working memory. The conclusions bear implications for brain theory, the mind-body explanatory gap, and developments of artificial intelligence technologies.
心智是一种生物现象。因此，生物组织原则也应是心理运作的基础原则。实践生成论指出，通过适应实现智能的关键在于一种安排，即处于较低组织层次的机制通过其运作以及与环境的相互作用，能够促成处于较高组织层次的机制的创建。当一个系统出现这种组织上的进步时，就称之为跨越。一个跨越的例子是可塑性机制（处于较低组织层次）通过其运作创建神经网络结构（处于较高组织层次）。另一个例子是该网络实际产生行为，即神经元活动机制运作以产生运动动作。实践生成论解释了为何系统的适应性会随着跨越次数的每一次增加而提高。跨越次数越多，一个系统可以相对较小，但却能比跨越次数较少的系统产生更高程度的适应性/智能行为。目前的分析表明，两个广为人知的跨越——神经可塑性和神经活动——不足以解释人类的心理能力。至少还需要一个额外的跨越，因其在将知识（例如从长期记忆重构到工作记忆）方面的作用而被命名为“非实践生成”。这些结论对脑理论、身心解释鸿沟以及人工智能技术的发展都有影响。
