Ebener M, Hasselhorn H M
Institut für Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal.
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin, Fachbereich 3 Arbeit und Gesundheit, Berlin.
Gesundheitswesen. 2015 Apr;77(4):e51-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1398557. Epub 2015 Mar 25.
Working life in Germany is changing. The work force is ageing and the number of people available to the labour market will - from now on - shrink considerably. Prospectively, people will have to work longer; but still today, most people leave employment long before reaching official retirement age. What are the reasons for this? In this report, a conceptual framework and the German lidA Cohort Study are presented. The "lidA conceptual framework on work, age, health and work participation" visualises determinants of employment (11 "domains") in higher working age, e. g., "work", "health", "social status" and "life style". The framework reveals 4 key characteristics of withdrawal from work: leaving working life is the result of an interplay of different domains (complexity); (early) retirement is a process with in part early determinants in the life course (processual character); retirement has a strong individual component (individuality); retirement is embedded in a strong structural frame (structure). On the basis of this framework, the "lidA Cohort Study on work, age, health and work participation" (www.lida-studie.de) investigates long-term effects of work on health and work participation in the ageing work force in Germany. It is the only large study in Germany operationalising the concept of employability in a broad interdisciplinary approach. Employees subject to social security and born in 1959 or in 1965 will be interviewed (CAPI) every 3 years (N[wave 1]=6 585, N[wave 2]=4 244) and their data will be linked (where consented) with social security data covering employment history and with health insurance data. The study design ("Schaie's most efficient design") allows for a tri-factor model that isolates the impact of age, cohort and time. In 2014, the second wave was completed. In the coming years lidA will analyse the association of work, health and work participation, and identify age as well as generation differences. lidA will investigate the complexity of work participation and assess the benefit of broader conceptual and methodological research approaches in the field.
德国的工作生活正在发生变化。劳动力正在老龄化，从现在起，劳动力市场上可供使用的人数将大幅减少。未来，人们将不得不工作更长时间；但即便在当下，大多数人在达到法定退休年龄之前就早早离职了。原因是什么呢？在本报告中，将介绍一个概念框架以及德国的lidA队列研究。“lidA关于工作、年龄、健康和工作参与的概念框架”呈现了较高工作年龄阶段就业的决定因素（11个“领域”），例如“工作”“健康”“社会地位”和“生活方式”。该框架揭示了退出工作的4个关键特征：离开工作生活是不同领域相互作用的结果（复杂性）；（提前）退休是一个在生命历程中部分具有早期决定因素的过程（过程性）；退休有很强的个体因素（个体性）；退休嵌入在一个强大的结构框架中（结构性）。基于这一框架，“lidA关于工作、年龄、健康和工作参与的队列研究”（www.lida - studie.de）调查工作对德国老龄化劳动力健康和工作参与的长期影响。它是德国唯一一项以广泛的跨学科方法实施就业能力概念的大型研究。1959年或1965年出生的参加社会保险的员工将每3年接受一次访谈（计算机辅助个人访谈）（第一波N = 6585，第二波N = 4244），并且他们的数据（在征得同意的情况下）将与涵盖就业历史的社会保险数据以及健康保险数据相链接。该研究设计（“沙伊最有效的设计”）允许采用一个三因素模型来分离年龄、队列和时间的影响。2014年，第二波研究完成。在未来几年，lidA将分析工作、健康和工作参与之间的关联，并确定年龄以及代际差异。lidA将研究工作参与的复杂性，并评估该领域更广泛的概念和方法研究方法的益处。
