Miyazaki S, Hill C
Atomic Energy Research Institute, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
Stoller Nuclear News (SN3) Corporation, USA.
Ann ICRP. 2015 Jun;44(1 Suppl):76-83. doi: 10.1177/0146645314560689. Epub 2015 Mar 19.
Non-cancer effects and risks at low doses from ionising radiation are controversial topics within the field of radiation protection. These issues are discussed in International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 118, 'ICRP statement on tissue reactions'. Both non-cancer effects and risks are expected to become increasingly important to the system of radiation protection. Before this can happen, several factors must be considered: thorough characterisation of the relationship between dose and risk; verification of the biological mechanisms for any noted excess risk; and adjustment of noted excess risks through the use of a detriment factor. It is difficult to differentiate the relatively small risks associated with radiation from other risk factors in the low-dose region of the dose-response curve. Several recent papers have indicated the possibility of a non-linear dose-response relationship for non-cancer effects. In addition, there are still many uncertainties associated with the biological mechanisms for non-cancer effects. Finally, it is essential to consider the incorporation of detriment into a well-defined system of radiological protection. Given the recent interest in non-cancer effects, it is essential to facilitate discussions in order to define dose limits more clearly within the existing system of radiation protection for both cancer and non-cancer effects.
低剂量电离辐射的非癌症效应和风险是辐射防护领域中颇具争议的话题。国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）第118号出版物《ICRP关于组织反应的声明》中讨论了这些问题。非癌症效应和风险对于辐射防护体系而言预计将变得愈发重要。在此情况发生之前，必须考虑若干因素：剂量与风险关系的全面表征；对任何已发现的额外风险的生物学机制进行验证；以及通过使用危害因素来调整已发现的额外风险。在剂量-反应曲线的低剂量区域，很难将与辐射相关的相对较小风险与其他风险因素区分开来。最近的几篇论文表明，非癌症效应可能存在非线性剂量-反应关系。此外，非癌症效应的生物学机制仍存在许多不确定性。最后，必须考虑将危害纳入一个明确界定的放射防护体系。鉴于近期对非癌症效应的关注，为在现有辐射防护体系中更清晰地界定癌症和非癌症效应的剂量限值，促进相关讨论至关重要。
