Department of Family Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; International Olympic Committee (IOC), Lausanne, Switzerland; Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland.
School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015 Sep;136(3):588-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.041. Epub 2015 Mar 24.
Despite the health benefits of swimming as a form of exercise, evidence exists that both the swimming pool environment and endurance exercise are etiologic factors in the development of asthma. The prevalence of asthma in swimmers is high compared with that in participants in other Olympic sport disciplines. There are no publications comparing the prevalence of asthma in the 5 aquatic disciplines.
The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the prevalence of asthma in the aquatic disciplines and in contrast with other Olympic sports.
Therapeutic Use Exemptions containing objective evidence of athlete asthma/airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) were collected for all aquatic athletes participating in swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, water polo, and open water swimming for major events during the time period from 2004-2009. The prevalence of asthma/AHR in the aquatic disciplines was analyzed for statistical significance (with 95% CIs) and also compared with that in other Olympic sports.
Swimming had the highest prevalence of asthma/AHR in comparison with the other aquatic disciplines. The endurance aquatic disciplines have a higher prevalence of asthma/AHR than the aquatic nonendurance disciplines. Asthma/AHR is more common in Oceania, Europe, and North America than in Asia, Africa, and South America. In comparison with other Olympic sports, swimming, synchronized swimming, and open water swimming were among the top 5 sports for asthma/AHR prevalence.
Asthma/AHR in the endurance aquatic disciplines is common at the elite level and has a varied geographic distribution. Findings from this study demonstrate the need for development of aquatic discipline-specific prevention, screening, and treatment regimens.
尽管游泳作为一种运动形式对健康有益，但有证据表明，游泳池环境和耐力运动都是哮喘发展的病因。与其他奥林匹克运动项目的参与者相比，游泳运动员的哮喘发病率较高。目前尚无出版物比较 5 项水上运动项目的哮喘发病率。
本研究旨在检查和比较水上运动项目与其他奥林匹克运动项目中哮喘的发病率。
收集了 2004 年至 2009 年期间参加游泳、跳水、花样游泳、水球和公开水域游泳等主要赛事的所有水上运动员的治疗性使用豁免申请，其中包含运动员哮喘/气道高反应性（AHR）的客观证据。对水上运动项目中哮喘/AHR 的发病率进行了统计学分析（具有 95%CI），并与其他奥林匹克运动项目进行了比较。
与其他水上运动项目相比，游泳项目的哮喘/AHR 发病率最高。耐力性水上运动项目的哮喘/AHR 发病率高于非耐力性水上运动项目。大洋洲、欧洲和北美洲的哮喘/AHR 发病率高于亚洲、非洲和南美洲。与其他奥林匹克运动项目相比，游泳、花样游泳和公开水域游泳是哮喘/AHR 发病率最高的前 5 项运动之一。
耐力性水上运动项目的哮喘/AHR 在精英运动员中很常见，且具有不同的地理分布。本研究的结果表明，需要制定水上运动项目特定的预防、筛查和治疗方案。
