Mackenstedt Ute, Jenkins David, Romig Thomas
Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2015 Feb 7;4(1):71-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.01.006. eCollection 2015 Apr.
During the last 100 years in many countries of the world, there have been dramatic changes in natural/rural landscapes due to urbanization. Since many wildlife species are unable to adapt to these alterations in their environment, urbanization is commonly responsible for a decline of biodiversity in areas of urban development. In contrast, some wild animal species are attracted to peri-urban and urban habitats due to the availability of an abundant food supply and the presence of structures in which to shelter. Urban foxes and/or raccoons are common sights in many peri-urban and urban areas of Europe where they can reach far higher population densities than in their natural habitats. The same is true for foxes and dingoes in some urban areas of Australia. Unfortunately, some of these highly adaptable species are also hosts for a number of parasites of public health and veterinary importance. Due to the complexity of many parasitic life cycles involving several host species, the interactions between wild animals, domestic animals and humans are not fully understood. The role of potential hosts for transmission of a zoonotic disease in urban or peri-urban areas cannot be extrapolated from data obtained in rural areas. Since more than 75% of human diseases are of zoonotic origin, it is important to understand the dynamics between wildlife, domestic animal species and humans in urbanized areas, and to conduct more focused research on transmission of zoonotic parasites including arthropod vectors under such conditions.
在过去的100年里，世界上许多国家由于城市化进程，自然/乡村景观发生了巨大变化。由于许多野生动物物种无法适应其环境的这些改变，城市化通常导致城市发展区域生物多样性下降。相比之下，一些野生动物物种被吸引到城郊和城市栖息地，因为那里有丰富的食物供应以及可供栖息的建筑。在欧洲的许多城郊和城市地区，城市狐狸和/或浣熊随处可见，它们在这些地方的种群密度远远高于其自然栖息地。澳大利亚一些城市地区的狐狸和澳洲野犬也是如此。不幸的是，其中一些高度适应环境的物种也是许多对公共卫生和兽医具有重要意义的寄生虫的宿主。由于许多寄生生物的生命周期涉及多个宿主物种，野生动物、家畜和人类之间的相互作用尚未完全明了。城市或城郊地区作为人畜共患病传播潜在宿主的作用，不能从农村地区获得的数据推断得出。由于超过75%的人类疾病源自家畜共患病，了解城市化地区野生动物、家畜物种和人类之间的动态关系，并在此类条件下对包括节肢动物媒介在内的人畜共患寄生虫传播进行更有针对性的研究非常重要。
