Yadav Manuj, Cabrera Densil, Kenny Dianna T
Faculty of Architecture, Design and Planning, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Faculty of Architecture, Design and Planning, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
J Voice. 2015 Sep;29(5):646.e11-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.10.015. Epub 2015 Apr 16.
Messa di voce (MDV) is a singing exercise that involves sustaining a single pitch with a linear change in loudness from silence to maximum intensity (the crescendo part) and back to silence again (the decrescendo part), with time symmetry between the two parts. Previous studies have used the sound pressure level (SPL, in decibels) of a singer's voice to measure loudness, so as to assess the linearity of each part-an approach that has limitations due to loudness and SPL not being linearly related. This article studies the loudness envelope shapes of MDVs, comparing the SPL approach with approaches that are more closely related to human loudness perception. The MDVs were performed by a cohort of tertiary singing students, recorded six times (once per semester) over a period of 3 years. The loudness envelopes were derived for a typical audience listening position, and for listening to one's own singing, using three models: SPL, Stevens' power law-based model, and a computational loudness model. The effects on the envelope shape due to room acoustics (an important effect) and vibrato (minimal effect) were also considered. The results showed that the SPL model yielded a lower proportion of linear crescendi and decrescendi, compared with other models. The Stevens' power law-based model provided results similar to the more complicated computational loudness model. Longitudinally, there was no consistent trend in the shape of the MDV loudness envelope for the cohort although there were some individual singers who exhibited improvements in linearity.
音量渐强渐弱练习（MDV）是一种歌唱练习，它包括持续一个单一音高，响度从无声线性变化到最大强度（渐强部分），然后再回到无声（渐弱部分），且两部分时间对称。以往的研究使用歌手声音的声压级（SPL，单位为分贝）来测量响度，以便评估每个部分的线性度——由于响度和声压级并非线性相关，这种方法存在局限性。本文研究了MDV的响度包络形状，将声压级方法与更符合人类响度感知的方法进行了比较。MDV由一群高等院校的歌唱专业学生进行，在3年的时间里录制了6次（每学期一次）。使用三种模型得出了典型听众收听位置以及收听自己歌声时的响度包络：声压级模型、基于史蒂文斯幂定律的模型和一种计算响度模型。还考虑了房间声学（一种重要影响）和颤音（影响极小）对包络形状的影响。结果表明，与其他模型相比，声压级模型产生的线性渐强和渐弱的比例较低。基于史蒂文斯幂定律的模型得出的结果与更复杂的计算响度模型相似。从纵向来看，该群体的MDV响度包络形状没有一致的趋势，不过有一些个别歌手在线性度方面有所改善。
