Ghaley Bhim B, Sandhu Harpinder S, Porter John R
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 30, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
PLoS One. 2015 Apr 20;10(4):e0123869. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123869. eCollection 2015.
Land use and management intensity can influence provision of ecosystem services (ES). We argue that forest/agroforestry production systems are characterized by relatively higher C:O/C:N and ES value compared to arable production systems. Field investigations on C:N/C:O and 15 ES were determined in three diverse production systems: wheat monoculture (Cwheat), a combined food and energy system (CFE) and a beech forest in Denmark. The C:N/C:O ratios were 194.1/1.68, 94.1/1.57 and 59.5/1.45 for beech forest, CFE and Cwheat, respectively. The economic value of the non-marketed ES was also highest in beech forest (US$ 1089 ha(-1) yr(-1)) followed by CFE (US$ 800 ha(-1) yr(-1)) and Cwheat (US$ 339 ha(-1) yr(-1)). The combined economic value was highest in the CFE (US$ 3143 ha(-1) yr(-1)) as compared to the Cwheat (US$ 2767 ha(-1) yr(-1)) and beech forest (US$ 2365 ha(-1) yr(-1)). We argue that C:N/C:O can be used as a proxy of ES, particularly for the non-marketed ES, such as regulating, supporting and cultural services. These ES play a vital role in the sustainable production of food and energy. Therefore, they should be considered in decision making and developing appropriate policy responses for land use management.
土地利用和管理强度会影响生态系统服务（ES）的提供。我们认为，与耕地生产系统相比，森林/农林业生产系统的特点是具有相对较高的碳氧比/碳氮比以及生态系统服务价值。在丹麦的三种不同生产系统中，即小麦单作（Cwheat）、粮食与能源综合系统（CFE）和山毛榉林，对碳氮比/碳氧比以及15种生态系统服务进行了实地调查。山毛榉林、CFE和Cwheat的碳氮比/碳氧比分别为194.1/1.68、94.1/1.57和59.5/1.45。非市场生态系统服务的经济价值在山毛榉林中也最高（1089美元·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹），其次是CFE（800美元·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹）和Cwheat（339美元·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹）。与Cwheat（2767美元·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹）和山毛榉林（2365美元·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹）相比，CFE的综合经济价值最高（3143美元·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹）。我们认为，碳氮比/碳氧比可作为生态系统服务的一个指标，特别是对于非市场生态系统服务，如调节、支持和文化服务。这些生态系统服务在粮食和能源的可持续生产中发挥着至关重要的作用。因此，在土地利用管理的决策制定和制定适当的政策应对措施时应予以考虑。
