Morrow Christine, Cárdenas Paco
Queen's University Belfast, Marine Laboratory, Portaferry BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, UK.
Department of Organismal Biology, Division of Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Pharmacognosy, BioMedical Centre, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
Front Zool. 2015 Apr 1;12:7. doi: 10.1186/s12983-015-0099-8. eCollection 2015.
Demospongiae is the largest sponge class including 81% of all living sponges with nearly 7,000 species worldwide. Systema Porifera (2002) was the result of a large international collaboration to update the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on morphological data. Since then, an increasing number of molecular phylogenetic studies have considerably shaken this taxonomic framework, with numerous polyphyletic groups revealed or confirmed and new clades discovered. And yet, despite a few taxonomical changes, the overall framework of the Systema Porifera classification still stands and is used as it is by the scientific community. This has led to a widening phylogeny/classification gap which creates biases and inconsistencies for the many end-users of this classification and ultimately impedes our understanding of today's marine ecosystems and evolutionary processes. In an attempt to bridge this phylogeny/classification gap, we propose to officially revise the higher taxa Demospongiae classification.
We propose a revision of the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on molecular data of the last ten years. We recommend the use of three subclasses: Verongimorpha, Keratosa and Heteroscleromorpha. We retain seven (Agelasida, Chondrosiida, Dendroceratida, Dictyoceratida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Verongiida) of the 13 orders from Systema Porifera. We recommend the abandonment of five order names (Hadromerida, Halichondrida, Halisarcida, lithistids, Verticillitida) and resurrect or upgrade six order names (Axinellida, Merliida, Spongillida, Sphaerocladina, Suberitida, Tetractinellida). Finally, we create seven new orders (Bubarida, Desmacellida, Polymastiida, Scopalinida, Clionaida, Tethyida, Trachycladida). These added to the recently created orders (Biemnida and Chondrillida) make a total of 22 orders in the revised classification. We propose the abandonment of the haplosclerid and poecilosclerid suborders. The family content of each order is also revised.
The deletion of polyphyletic taxa, the use of resurrected or new names for new clades and the proposal of new family groupings will improve the comparability of studies in a wide range of scientific fields using sponges as their object of study. It is envisaged that this will lead to new and more meaningful evolutionary hypotheses for the end-users of the Demospongiae classification.
寻常海绵纲是最大的海绵纲，包含了所有现存海绵物种的81%，全球有近7000种。《海绵动物志》（2002年）是一项大型国际合作的成果，旨在更新寻常海绵纲的高级分类单元，主要基于形态学数据。从那时起，越来越多的分子系统发育研究极大地撼动了这个分类框架，揭示或确认了许多多系群，并发现了新的分支。然而，尽管有一些分类学上的变化，《海绵动物志》分类的总体框架仍然存在，并被科学界原样使用。这导致了系统发育/分类差距的扩大，给该分类的许多最终用户造成了偏差和不一致，最终阻碍了我们对当今海洋生态系统和进化过程的理解。为了弥合这一系统发育/分类差距，我们提议正式修订寻常海绵纲的高级分类单元。
我们提议修订寻常海绵纲的高级分类单元，主要基于过去十年的分子数据。我们建议使用三个亚纲：Verongimorpha、Keratosa和Heteroscleromorpha。我们保留了《海绵动物志》13个目中的7个目（艾氏海绵目、软骨海绵目、树角海绵目、网角海绵目、单轴海绵目、硬骨海绵目、Verongiida）。我们建议废弃5个目名（强吸水海绵目、软海绵目、厚皮海绵目、石海绵类、旋丝海绵目），复活或提升6个目名（轴海绵目、Merliida、针海绵目、球枝海绵目、软海绵目、四放海绵目）。最后，我们创建了7个新目（布氏海绵目、盘海绵目、多枝海绵目、帚海绵目、穿贝海绵目、泰斯海绵目、粗网海绵目）。这些加上最近创建的目（双体海绵目和软骨海绵目），在修订后的分类中共有22个目。我们提议废弃单轴海绵目和硬骨海绵目的亚目。每个目的科内容也进行了修订。
删除多系分类单元、为新分支使用复活的或新的名称以及提出新的科分组将提高以海绵为研究对象的广泛科学领域中研究的可比性。预计这将为寻常海绵纲分类的最终用户带来新的、更有意义的进化假设。
