Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Trends Ecol Evol. 2015 Jun;30(6):314-26. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.03.012. Epub 2015 Apr 20.
Biological rhythms, from circadian control of cellular processes to annual cycles in life history, are a main structural element of biology. Biological rhythms are considered adaptive because they enable organisms to partition activities to cope with, and take advantage of, predictable fluctuations in environmental conditions. A flourishing area of immunology is uncovering rhythms in the immune system of animals, including humans. Given the temporal structure of immunity, and rhythms in parasite activity and disease incidence, we propose that the intersection of chronobiology, disease ecology, and evolutionary biology holds the key to understanding host-parasite interactions. Here, we review host-parasite interactions while explicitly considering biological rhythms, and propose that rhythms: influence within-host infection dynamics and transmission between hosts, might account for diel and annual periodicity in host-parasite systems, and can lead to a host-parasite arms race in the temporal domain.
生物节律，从细胞过程的昼夜节律控制到生命史中的年度周期，是生物学的主要结构要素。生物节律被认为是适应性的，因为它们使生物体能够将活动划分开来，以应对和利用环境条件中可预测的波动。免疫学的一个蓬勃发展的领域正在揭示动物（包括人类）免疫系统中的节律。鉴于免疫的时间结构，以及寄生虫活动和疾病发病率的节律，我们提出，生物钟学、疾病生态学和进化生物学的交叉点是理解宿主-寄生虫相互作用的关键。在这里，我们在明确考虑生物节律的情况下审查宿主-寄生虫相互作用，并提出节律：影响宿主内感染动力学和宿主间传播，可能解释宿主-寄生虫系统中的昼夜和年度周期性，并且可以导致宿主-寄生虫在时间域中的军备竞赛。
