Yazaki Yoshikazu
Nat Prod Commun. 2015 Mar;10(3):513-20.
Flavonoid compounds, which are extracted from bark and wood and used commercially, are flavan 3-ols as monomers and their polymers, which are called "condensed tannins". Reactions of the condensed tannins with formaldehyde are the basis for wood adhesives. In the late 1940s, tannin research for wood adhesives was begun and the world-first commercial use of wattle tannin from black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) bark as wood adhesives occurred in Australia in the 1960s. In addition, wattle tannin-based adhesives were further developed in South Africa and the uses of these adhesives have been continuing to date. The success of wattle tannin in wood adhesives is demonstrated by the collaboration of the ACIAR with the CAF in the early 1990s. Although radiata pine bark (Pinus radiata) could be a useful resource for the production of wood adhesives, three problems prevented its use in this application: low extractive yields from the bark, variable quality of the tannin extracts and excessive viscosity of the formulated tannin adhesives. In order to overcome these problems, various extraction methods have been proposed. Studies on tannin adhesives from bark of other pine species are also described. Furthermore, the use of the tannin in the bark without extraction is described as "bark adhesives" from radiata pine and black wattle. The use of radiata tannin without formaldehyde for moulded wood products is also described. Owing to the strong antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds, bark extracts from French maritime pine (Pinus pinaster, synonym P. maritima) and radiata pine have been commercialized as nutritional supplements: Pycnogenol and Enzogenol, respectively. The background and the development of Pycnogenol and the basic difference in the preparation processes between Pycnogenol and Enzogenol are described. On the basis of the discovery that the SOSA value for wattle tannin is approximately 10 times that of extracts from pine bark supplements (Pycnogenol and Enzogenol), chemical, biochemical and clinical studies on wattle tannin were conducted. Results from these studies are outlined. Wattle tannin has been developed as a nutritional supplement and marketed as Acapolia in Japan.
从树皮和木材中提取并用于商业用途的类黄酮化合物是作为单体的黄烷 - 3 - 醇及其聚合物，即所谓的“缩合单宁”。缩合单宁与甲醛的反应是木材胶粘剂的基础。20世纪40年代后期开始了对木材胶粘剂用单宁的研究，20世纪60年代在澳大利亚首次将黑荆树（Acacia mearnsii）树皮中的荆树单宁商业化用作木材胶粘剂。此外，南非进一步开发了以荆树单宁为基础的胶粘剂，这些胶粘剂的使用一直持续到现在。20世纪90年代初，澳大利亚国际农业研究中心（ACIAR）与澳大利亚林业合作研究中心（CAF）的合作证明了荆树单宁在木材胶粘剂方面的成功。虽然辐射松树皮（Pinus radiata）可能是生产木材胶粘剂的有用资源，但有三个问题阻碍了其在该应用中的使用：树皮提取物产率低、单宁提取物质量不稳定以及配制的单宁胶粘剂粘度过高。为了克服这些问题，人们提出了各种提取方法。还描述了对其他松树树皮中单宁胶粘剂的研究。此外，将未提取的树皮中的单宁用作辐射松和黑荆树的“树皮胶粘剂”也有描述。还介绍了无甲醛的辐射松单宁在模压木制品中的应用。由于类黄酮化合物具有很强的抗氧化活性，法国海岸松（Pinus pinaster，同义词P. maritima）和辐射松树皮提取物已分别作为营养补充剂商业化：碧萝芷（Pycnogenol）和恩佐健（Enzogenol）。描述了碧萝芷的背景和发展以及碧萝芷与恩佐健制备过程中的基本差异。基于荆树单宁的SOSA值约为松树皮补充剂（碧萝芷和恩佐健）提取物的10倍这一发现，对荆树单宁进行了化学、生物化学和临床研究。概述了这些研究的结果。荆树单宁已被开发为一种营养补充剂，并在日本以Acapolia的名称销售。
