Glazer Itamar, Salame Liora, Dvash Levana, Muklada Hussein, Azaizeh Hassan, Mreny Raghda, Markovics Alex, Landau SergeYan
Department of Entomology and Nematology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
Department of Entomology and Nematology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
J Invertebr Pathol. 2015 Jun;128:31-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.02.002. Epub 2015 Apr 29.
Parasitized animals can self-medicate. As ingested plant phenolics, mainly tannins, reduce strongyle nematode infections in mammalian herbivores. We investigated the effect of plant extracts known to be anthelmintic in vertebrate herbivores on the recovery of the parasitic entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infecting African cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis). Nematode infective juveniles (IJs) were exposed to 0, 300, 900, 1200, 2400 ppm of Pistacia lentiscus L. (lentisk), Inula viscosa L. (strong-smelling inula), Quercus calliprinos Decne. (common oak) and Ceratonia siliqua L. (carob) extracts on growth medium (in vitro assay). In control treatments, 50-80% of IJs resumed development to J4, young and developed adult hermaphrodites, whereas all extracts, except for C. siliqua at 300 ppm, impaired IJ exsheathment and development. The highest concentration of I. viscosa extract (2400 ppm) had the strongest effect, killing 95% of exposed nematodes. Surviving nematodes did not recover, remaining at the IJ stage. Over the whole cycle, I. viscosa extract inhibited recovery to 25% or less, and did not allow full development to adulthood, whereas 65% of IJs in the control treatment recovered and resumed development, 12% reaching complete maturation within 72 h of incubation. When herbivorous S. littoralis larvae were fed with different plant extracts in vivo, I. viscosa had the strongest effect at concentrations above 300 ppm, with 90% of insect-invading IJs not developing to parasitic stages, whereas in the control treatment, 85% of IJs resumed development. Exposure to C. siliqua extract also inhibited exsheathment and development of 75% of the IJs. Half of those that resumed development reached full maturation. P. lentiscus and Q. calliprinos extracts also inhibited development of 50% IJs. Our results suggest that H. bacteriophora can be used to study herbal medication against parasites in animals.
受寄生虫感染的动物能够自我治疗。由于摄入的植物酚类物质（主要是单宁）可减少哺乳动物食草动物体内圆线虫的感染。我们研究了已知对脊椎动物食草动物有驱虫作用的植物提取物对感染非洲棉铃虫（Spodoptera littoralis）的寄生性昆虫病原线虫嗜菌异小杆线虫（Heterorhabditis bacteriophora）恢复情况的影响。将线虫感染性幼虫（IJs）置于含有0、300、900、1200、2400 ppm乳香黄连木（Pistacia lentiscus L.）、粘毛旋覆花（Inula viscosa L.）、地中海栓皮栎（Quercus calliprinos Decne.）和角豆树（Ceratonia siliqua L.）提取物的生长培养基上（体外试验）。在对照处理中，50 - 80%的IJs恢复发育至J4期、年轻和发育成熟阶段的雌雄同体成虫，而除300 ppm的角豆树提取物外，所有提取物均损害IJs的脱鞘和发育。粘毛旋覆花提取物的最高浓度（2400 ppm）效果最强，杀死了95%暴露的线虫。存活的线虫未恢复，停留在IJ阶段。在整个周期中，粘毛旋覆花提取物将恢复率抑制至25%或更低，且不允许完全发育至成虫期，而对照处理中有65%的IJs恢复并继续发育，12%在孵化72小时内达到完全成熟。当食草性棉铃虫幼虫在体内喂食不同植物提取物时，粘毛旋覆花在浓度高于300 ppm时效果最强，90%侵入昆虫的IJs未发育至寄生阶段，而在对照处理中，85%的IJs恢复发育。暴露于角豆树提取物也抑制了75%的IJs的脱鞘和发育。恢复发育的IJs中有一半达到完全成熟。乳香黄连木和地中海栓皮栎提取物也抑制了50%的IJs的发育。我们的结果表明，嗜菌异小杆线虫可用于研究动物体内对抗寄生虫的草药疗法。
